|
PARTICULARS |
Pages
No… |
|
Introduction |
2 |
|
Rice
In Asia |
5 |
|
Rice
Production In Pakistan |
7 |
|
Impact
of Temperature on Growth on Rice |
9 |
|
Impact
of Temperature on Sindh |
10 |
|
Annual Temperature
Projection for Next 20 Years In Sindh |
13 |
Impact of Rainfall on Rice
|
14 |
|
Impact of Rainfall on Rice in Sindh |
14 |
|
Future
Precipitation Change in Sindh Province |
15 |
|
Challenges
for Rice Crop |
17 |
|
Climate
Impact on Rice Crop In Sindh |
18 |
|
Sowing
Period Of Major Crops |
19 |
|
Rice Production and Growth Rate |
20 |
|
Area and
Production of Rice Crop in Pakistan |
21 |
Area of Rice Crop in Pakistan
|
21
|
|
Area
of Rice Crop in Sindh |
22 |
|
Province-wise
area and Production of Rice Crop |
22 |
|
Province-wise Production of Rice Crop |
23 |
|
District-wise area and Production of
Rice Crop |
23-25 |
|
AGR-Ecological Zone |
26 |
|
Major Challenges |
27 |
|
World Production
and Trade |
28 |
|
Economic
Importance of Rice for Pakistan |
28 |
|
Government Environmental &
Conservation of Pakistan |
31 |
|
Environmental Protection NGOs of
Pakistan |
33 |
|
Objectives |
36 |
|
Review Of Literature |
36 |
|
Methodology |
36 |
|
Result |
36 |
|
Suggestion |
36 |
|
References |
38 |
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ON RICE CROP
IN SINDH PAKISTAN
INTRODUCTION:
Impact of Environmental Change on Rice Production R ice is an essential component of the diet and the most
important staple food crop of about 3.23 billion people of the world’s
population especially in Asia. More than 90% of the world’s rice is grown and
consumed in Asia, where 60% of the world’s population lives. It has important
implications for food security because, among other things, it makes up
approximately one third of the caloric intake of third world populations. Rice
trade (which is dominated by Asian countries) is modest only 17 percent of the
global trade of other cereals because these countries aim to be self-sufficient
in future. Over 150 million hectares of rice is planted annually, covering
around 10% of the world’s arable land. With the world population estimated to
increase from 6.2 billion in the year 2000 to about 8.2 billion in the year
2030, the global rice demand will rise to about 765 million tons, or 533
million tons of milled rice. Yet, the challenge for rice production is twofold:
coping with population growth while also facing climate change. Climate is an
important factor for agricultural productivity. It plays a key role in the
production of crops. From the last few years a new term named “Climate Change”
is emerging which is hanging all over the world. It is an enormous challenge
for societies worldwide. It is caused by the release of ‘greenhouse’ gases into
the atmosphere. These gases accumulate in the atmosphere, which result in
global warming. Many plant species are temperature sensitive; predicted
increases in global temperatures will have adverse effects on our environment
and put increasing stress on agriculture. Large number of people in the world
still without access to adequate food, ensuring global food security continues
to be a big challenge. Unforeseen changes associated with global warming
temperature, carbon dioxide and rainfall are expected to influence rice
production. The immediate impacts of climate change on rice production systems
and food security will be felt in the form of adverse effects of extreme
weather changes on rice production. Studies have shown that increase
temperature, due to climate change, adversely affects rice crop physiology ultimately
decreasing crop yields and grain quality. A comprehensive simulation research
revealed that past climate change since 1960s decreased rice yield by 12.4%,
but with largest contribution coming from lowering radiation. Statistical
analysis between climate variables and observed yield also demonstrated
positive and negative yield response in differ- e n t r e g i o ns. Changes in
mean temperatures, in- creasing weather variability and sea level rising predicted
less but possibly even more significant effect on rice production. As carbon
dioxide is an essential component in photosynthesis, increased atmospheric
concentration of carbon dioxide is expected to increases plant growth and consequently
rice yields. Uncertainty associated particularly in projected precipitation
spatial and temporal * Authors belong to the Department of Plant Pathology,
University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. ‘Pakistan worst affected by
climate change’ http://www.dailytimes.com.pk, January 26,2014 Chinese rice
production increase substantially under climate change due to technology
progress as changes of rice area from south to North regions plays significant
roles in past yield promotion.
SOURCE:
ISSN:2311-3804 March, 2014 Volume 6-Issue 1
Climate change is
already beginning to transform life on Earth. Around the globe, seasons are shifting, temperatures are
climbing and sea levels are rising. And meanwhile, our planet must still supply
us – and all living things – with air, water, food and safe places to live. If
we don't act now, climate change will rapidly alter the lands and waters we all
depend upon for survival, leaving our children and grandchildren with a very
different world. The economy of Pakistan
is primarily agrarian. The production system which is predominantly irrigation
uses 97 percent of the available river water and provides over 90 percent of
the agricultural produce. The productive resources of land and water, which
provide a base for food production, are limited rather dwindling due to, inter
alia, the changing climate. Climate change is exerting pressure on these
resources both directly (e.g. through increased glacier melt, increased
evapotranspiration, increased land degradation) and indirectly (e.g. via
enhancing processes such as denitrification leading to emission of Greenhouse
Gases and unavailability of plant nutrients and increasing crop water
requirements). Not only is the frequency and intensity of extreme climate
events such as floods, droughts and cyclones on the increase, there are serious
consequences for standing crops, apart from immeasurable damage to life and
property.
Higher TemperaturesChanging Landscapes
Increased Risk of Drought, Fire and FloodsStronger Storms and Increased Storm Damage
More Heat-Related Illness and DiseaseEconomic Losses
SOURCE: (IRRI--
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE)
January 2011: The International Rice Research
Institute (IRRI) has released its January to March edition of Rice Today, which
features articles documenting the relationship between climate change impacts
and rice production.
In "Rice for Future Generations," IRRI
describes the Third International Rice Conference, held from 8-12 November in
Hanoi, Viet Nam, which discussed climate change and plant disease, and the
potential role of agriculture in combating climate change. In "Asia Pushes
for Sustainable Food Security," the authors outline the IRRI task force
report on "Never an Empty Bowl: Sustaining Food Security in Asia,"
which recommends building resilience to climate change impacts through raising
and sustaining the productivity of rice farmers. The publication also includes
an article on the Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP), which presents a
single blueprint for global rice research to contribute to local, national and
regional development challenges, including climate change. "Volatile
Markets, Cautious Traders" notes that climate change, extreme weather
events and new financial risk elements dominated discussions on the global rice
market at the Rice Traders' second World Rice Conference. This and other
articles in the issue note that climate change is likely to continue to place
pressure on the supply/demand imbalance. IRRI is a member of the Consultative
Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).
Rice
is also the most important crop to millions of small farmers who grow it on
millions of hectares throughout the region, and to the many landless workers
who derive income from working on these farms. In the future, it is imperative
that rice production continue to grow at least as rapidly as the population, if
not faster. Rice research that develops new technologies for all farmers has a
key role to play in meeting this need and contributing to global efforts
directed at poverty alleviation.
Agricultural
population densities on Asia’s rice producing lands are among the highest in
the world and continue to increase at a remarkable rate. Rapid population
growth puts increasing pressure on the already strained food-producing
resources. The aggregate population of the less developed countries grew from
2.3 billion in 1965 to 4.4 billion in 1995. Asia accounted for 60% of the
global population, about 92% of the world’s rice production, and 90% of global
rice consumption. Even with rice providing 35–80% of the total calories
consumed in Asia and with a slowing of growth in total rice area, rice
production more than kept up with demand in 2000. The largest producing
countries—China, India, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Thailand —together
account for more than three quarters of world rice production.
Rice is now cultivated throughout the tropical and
subtropical regions of world. (Map showing the distribution of rice around the
world in green
RICE
IN ASIA:
Rice is a major food crop for the people of the
world in general and Asians in particular; nearly 90% of the world's rice is
produced and consumed in this region (Table 1.1). Furthermore, rice is a staple
food for nearly 2.4 billion people in Asia, and except for Pakistan and some
parts of India and China, rice provides two thirds of the calories for most
Asians with rice-based diets.
Following the introduction of IR-8 rice during the
1960s, rice production in Asia grew at an unprecedented annual rate of 3.0%
during 1967-85. Similar growth of world rice production also occurred during
this period. For Asia, the output growth rate exceeded the population growth
rate, which was about 2.14% (Tables 1.2 and 1.3).
During the post-green revolution period, most
growth in rice production was due to yield increases brought about by the
introduction of new seed and fertilizer technology. The contribution of area
increases to growth of output was small and declined over time (Figure 1.1).
However, the growth rate in rice production has declined sharply from about 3%
during the period 1967-85, to 1.7% during 1985-95 due primarily to a decline in
the growth rate of rice yields, from 2.32% per annum during 1967-85 to 1.35%
during 1985-95. A decline in growth rates of both output and yield has taken
place in all the major rice producing countries in Asia except in India, where
growth rates of both output and yield of rice rose significantly during
1985-95, (Tables 1.2 and 1.3 and Figure 1.1) because of the spread of new seed
and fertilizer technology to the rainfed eastern regions where improved water
management and irrigation facilities are being introduced.
The rapid growth in rice output during 1967-85 had
positive effects. Firstly, it resulted in a decline in the real price of rice
over the period, thereby benefiting a large percentage of the rural and urban
poor people living in South and South East Asia (Figure 1.2). Secondly, the
poor benefited because the yield increases led to increases in the incomes of
numerous small and marginal farmers in that region who form a major proportion
of the poor. However, the success achieved caused a general complacency about
food security, and led to less investment in irrigation, agricultural research
and extension, and other rural infrastructure that contributed to increased
rice production.
The problems increased during the 1990s because of
economic liberalization and tight fiscal policies, at both global and national
levels. Agricultural research and investment commitments by multilateral
agencies, already reduced during the 1980s, became even smaller. At the same
time, there were indications of a further decline in the growth rate of yield
increase, and stagnation of the highest yield levels attained in high-output
irrigated rice, the predominant source of rice output. Despite the increasing
use of fertilizers and other inputs, further increases in yields were becoming
more difficult to achieve and more costly in terms of inputs, so that total
factor productivity was tending to decline.
Table 1.1 Production, Import, and Export of Rice during
the Triennium Ending 1995 (million tons)
|
Country/Continent |
Production |
Export |
Import |
Net Trade |
Consumption |
Self-Sufficiency
Ratio (%) |
|
|
ASIA |
329.4 |
12.6 |
9.1 |
3.4 |
326 |
101 |
|
|
South Asia |
|||||||
|
India |
80.9 |
2.0 |
0.1 |
1.9 |
79 |
102 |
|
|
Bangladesh |
17.5 |
0.5 |
-0.5 |
18 |
97 |
||
|
Pakistan |
3.8 |
1.3 |
0.0 |
1.3 |
2 |
152 |
|
|
Sri Lanka |
1.5 |
0.1 |
-0.1 |
2 |
94 |
||
|
China |
121.1 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
0.1 |
121 |
100 |
|
|
East Asia |
|||||||
|
|
Indonesia |
31.8 |
0.2 |
1.3 |
-1.1 |
33 |
97 |
|
Vietnam |
16.4 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
14 |
115 |
||
|
Thailand |
13.5 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
8 |
161 |
||
|
Myanmar |
12.1 |
0.0 |
0.4 |
-0.4 |
12 |
97 |
|
|
Japan |
8.5 |
0.1 |
0.9 |
-0.7 |
9 |
92 |
|
|
Philippines |
7.0 |
0.2 |
-0.2 |
7 |
98 |
||
|
Korea, Rep. of |
4.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
4 |
100 |
||
|
Korea, DPR |
2.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
2 |
100 |
||
|
AFRICA |
9.2 |
0.3 |
3.7 |
-3.4 |
13 |
73 |
|
|
|
North Africa |
3.0 |
0.2 |
-0.2 |
3 |
94 |
|
|
Egypt |
3.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
3 |
108 |
|
|
Sub-Saharan Africa |
6.1 |
3.5 |
-3.5 |
10 |
64 |
||
|
Western Africa |
3.5 |
0.0 |
3 |
100 |
|||
|
Central + Eastern & Southern Africa |
2.6 |
0.0 |
3 |
100 |
|||
|
CENTRAL AMERICA |
1.2 |
0.0 |
1.2 |
-1.2 |
2 |
49 |
|
|
SOUTH AMERICA |
12.0 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
-0.2 |
12 |
98 |
|
|
Brazil |
7.0 |
0.9 |
-0.9 |
8 |
89 |
||
|
NORTH AMERICA |
5.3 |
2.8 |
0.4 |
2.4 |
3 |
182 |
|
|
United States |
5.3 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2 |
214 |
||
|
EUROPE |
1.4 |
0.3 |
1.1 |
-0.8 |
2 |
64 |
|
|
CIS |
1.0 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
-0.3 |
1 |
76 |
|
|
OCEANIA (Australia) |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
0 |
148 |
|
|
WORLD |
360.2 |
17.6 |
17.4 |
0.1 |
360 |
100 |
|
|
Asia |
329.4 |
12.6 |
9.1 |
3.4 |
326 |
101 |
|
|
Rest of the World |
30.9 |
5.0 |
8.3 |
-3.3 |
33 |
-1.0 |
|
|
Developing Countries |
343.3 |
13.8 |
14.1 |
-0.3 |
344 |
100 |
|
|
Developed Countries |
17.0 |
3.8 |
3.3 |
0.5 |
17 |
103 |
|
Source: FAO Food Outlook. Various Issues
Rice production in Pakistan holds an extremely important position in agriculture and the national economy. Pakistan is the world's fourth largest producer of rice, after China, India and
Indonesia.[1] Each year, it produces an average of 6 million tonnes and together with
the rest of the South Asia, the country is responsible for supplying 30% of the world's paddy rice
output.[2] Most of these crops are grown in the fertile Sindh and Punjab region with millions of farmers relying on rice cultivation as their
major source of employment. Among the most famous varieties grown in Pakistan
include the Basmati, known for its flavor and quality.
RICE ZONES:
In Pakistan rice is grown under diverse climatic, hydrological and edaphic
conditions and is divided into 4 distinct agro ecological zones. In most of the
cases critical problems in rice production and protection are specific to a
particular zone. Production technology package is developed keeping in view the
distinct agro ecological conditions in each zones. Brief description of each
zone is as follows:
Zone-1: It consists of northern mountainous areas of the country and
irrigated rice is grown either in flat valleys or terraced valley-sides. The
climate is sub-humid monsoon with 750 to 1000 mm average rainfallmostly
concentrated in summer. Cold damage to rice crop due to cool air temperature
and cold irrigation water are major problems. The water temperature seldom
exceeds 18oC in water channels. Low temperature stress causes leaf yellowing,
stunting in the seedling in early vegetative stages, delayed heading and
sterility in the reproduction stage. The modern high yielding rice varieties
and the fine Basmati types are not successfully grown in these areas. Berseem,
wheat, barley onion are grown in rotation with rice.
Zone-2: It lies in the broad strip of land between rivers Ravi and
Chenab where both canal and sub-soil water are used for irrigation. The climate
is sub-humid, sub-tropical type with 400 to 700 mm of rainfall mostly in
July-August. Rice growing season is fairly long and suitable for cultivating
fine aromatic as well as some IRRI varieties. The "Kalar" tract which
is abode of the world famous Basmati rice is located in this zone. Wheat,
berseem, sunflower, watermelons are grown in rotation with rice.
Zone-3: It consists of the large tract of land on the west bank of river
Indus. It has an arid sub-tropical climate with 100 mm of average rainfall and
maximum temperature higher than zone 1 and 2. The impeded drainage and
excessive water application to rice has resulted in high water table. The long,
extremely hot summers are well suited to growing coarse rice varieties. Gram,
wheat/barley, oilseed, lathyrus, sarsoon, pulses, coriander and berseem/alfa
are grown as rice based cropping system.
Zone-4: It is the Indus delta which consists of vast spill flats and
basins; the latter are mostly irrigated. The climate is arid tropical marine
with no marked season and is highly suited to coarse varieties. Wheat, berseem
and pulses are grown in rotation with rice.
Recommendation for Enhancing Production:
To meet the ever growing domestic needs of food and enhance exports and to
achieve sustainability and stability of rice production the following research
areas would receive priority
(a) Varietal Improvement
A quantum jump in rice production was achieved in sixties by large scale
adoption of high yielding semi-dwarf varieties. Since the development of this
plant type, there is marginal increase in rice production. To achieve another
quantum jump in rice production, following varietal improvement strategies are
being proposed.
(i)
Modification of plant architecture.
(ii) Development of hybrid rice technology.
(iii) Wide-hybridization.
(b) Soil and Nutrient Management
In order to develop appropriate management practices, sustain soil fertility
and high yields, it is vital to understand the kinetics, transformation and
interaction of essential nutrients in rice and other crops grown in rice based
cropping systems. Inclusion of legumes in the rice based systems would be one
of the options to sustain soil fertility. There is also need to increase
nutrient use efficiency, minimize fertilizer losses and increase the use of bio
fertilizers.
IMPACT
OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH OF THE RICE:
Spikelet sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by high temperatures is a
major concern given global warming predictions. We studied differences among
eight rice cultivars in spikelet fertility at five different temperature levels
in temperature gradient chamber (TGC) experiments. Six japonica and two indica
cultivars were exposed to high-temperature gradients in TGCs during the 2005
flowering season. Spikelet sterility increased with temperature in TGCs and
differed among cultivars because of both variations in temperature tolerance and
timing of heading. The correlation between spikelet fertility of individual
panicles and both air temperature and panicle temperature during flowering was
analyzed to compare tolerances among cultivars. The temperature (T75) at which spikelet fertility was 75 % of
maximum ranged from 34 to 39 °C air temperature and differed significantly
among cultivars. Indica varieties had higher T75values than japonica varieties. The T75 values based on panicle temperature
also differed among cultivars, but the difference between indica and japonica
varieties were less significant. We concluded that the higher temperature
tolerances of indica cultivars in our experiments could be attributed to lower
spikelet temperatures, and cultivars with similar spikelet temperatures still
had different heat tolerances due to differences in pollination ability.How temperature affects
early growth, tillering, and spikelet number of the rice plant in
artificially-lighted growth rooms. At early growth stages, growth rate
increased as temperature rose from 22 to 31°C. During early stages, when growth
largely depended on the seed reserve, the temperature quotient for growth rate
was about 2. The effects of temperature on growth rate decreased with time.
Tillering was more vigorous at high temperatures than at low temperatures.
Spikelet number per panicle increased with decreasing temperatures.
SOURCE: (Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
Volume
199, Issue
6, pages
416–423, December 2013)
SOURCE: (Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science
Volume
199, Issue
6, pages
416–423, December 2013)
IMPACT OF TEMPERATURE IN SINDH:
With
the mercury touching 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) on May 26, 2010, Mohenjo Daro in Sindh
has had the highest temperature ever in Asia and fourth highest temperature
ever in the world. Temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) were recorded in 12
Pakistani cities in the summer of 2010.
Crop
yields and sowing and harvesting patterns may undergo striking changes in 20 to
30 years owing to rise in average temperatures and fall in fresh water
reserves, Dr Pervaiz Amir, an agriculture and environment expert, told The Express Tribune. He was asked to access the
likely impact of climate change on Pakistan in the near future.
The
impact, he said, will vary across regions. In Punjab and Sindh, droughts will
be more intense and yield of summer crops as well as fruits and vegetables may
be substantially lower with rise in temperature levels.
In
Northern Areas (Swat, Malakand, Gilgit, Hunza and parts of AJK), wheat, maize
and rice yields will increase due to longer and hotter summer seasons.
Dr
Amir said a likely repeat of 1998-2001 droughts in Balochistan over the coming
years will take a heavy toll on crops, fruits and livestock production.
Pakistan
has been included among countries likely to be most affected by climate change
in Global Climate Risk Index 2012, a report by German Watch, a non-governmental
organisation. The report released prior to the Durban climate change conference
in 2011 examined the effect of extreme weather events worldwide from 1991-2010.
According
to former environment minister Malik Amin Aslam, Pakistan stands to lose
between $6 billion and $14 billion per annum if no measures are taken to deal
with natural catastrophes triggered by climate change. The projection is based
on the $9billion losses incurred during the 2010 summer floods.
Dr
Amir believes the early impact of climate change is already apparent during
summer months. “Lahore, Sargodha Mianwali, Larkana and Nurpur Thal were among
28 cities in the world that experienced record high temperatures in 2010,” he
said.
With
the mercury touching 53.5 °C (128.3 °F) on May 26, 2010, Mohenjo Daro in Sindh
has had the highest temperature ever in Asia and fourth highest temperature
ever in the world. Temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F) were recorded in 12
Pakistani cities in the summer of 2010.
Dr
Amir warned that if no measures are taken to check carbon dioxide emissions,
average temperatures in Pakistan will likely rise by 4°C to 6°C by the end of
the century. The increase in average temperature for the globe will be around
2°C.
Water-intensive
crops like sugarcane and cotton will be the worst affected by the climate
change.
According
to a World Bank study, as much as 30 per cent of the country’s current water
reserves will deplete in 20 years. “The cost of production of these crops will
surge if we do not formulate policies and guidelines on use of water for
irrigation,” he adds.
At
present, the only method in place to ration irrigation water is by increasing
electricity tariffs and diesel prices during periods of drought.
Dr
Amir predicts water shortage will take a toll on about 20 to 25 per cent of
cultivable land in the Punjab and Sindh and render it unfit for agriculture.
This,
he says, may require the population to reduce dependence on wheat and shift to
use of coarse grains such as barley, sorghum, millets, oats and coarse rice. He
says more farmers may shift from production of staples to cash crops.
Animal and crop diseases
Dr
Amir said climate change will lead to changes in growth cycles of various
microbes, pests, insects and fungi. These changes may make it difficult to
maintain current yield levels in cross-pollinated crops (maize) and several
fruits and fodders. The production of honey may also be affected as bees are
likely to migrate to higher altitudes.
The
environment expert said locust and stem rust will cause greater damage to crops
with rise in temperature and humidity levels. He feared crop yields might go
down by as much as 50 per cent owing to outbreak of these diseases in the
Punjab and Sindh. He says changes in nitrogen-fixing bacteria may affect soil
fertility. The incidence of dengue and Congo fevers and Hepatitis C will go up
due to variations in temperature.
Glaciers
Dr
Amir said glaciers should be watched very carefully for sudden and drastic
changes. Melting of glaciers, glacial lake outburst floods (GLOF) and changes
in in-flow of water in rivers will all impact population, especially those
settled along river banks. He said new research and modeling techniques could
help predict the impact of such activities.
He
said as much as 40 per cent of the country’s glaciers may melt by the end of
the century.
The
Chinese Academy of Sciences has estimated significant melting activity in 50
and 75 per cent of glaciers in Asia and 80 per cent in the world, over this
period.
Along
with China, Nepal and India, Pakistan is ranked among the top five countries
with potentially dangerous glaciers in a 2010 report by International Centre
for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). Pakistan has had nine recorded
GLOF incidents so far.
Way forward
Dr
Amir said measures underway to tackle climate change and water scarcity were
inadequate. If action was not accelerated, he said, economic growth and
development would be adversely affected in the coming decades.
He
said the country needed to build a new dam every six to seven years to sustain
the economy.
None
of the dams currently planned would be capable of making a contribution before
2020.
“There
are at least nine sites in Pakistan with a power generation potential of over
60,000 megawatts,” he said. Dr Amir said there were reports and studies on
issues related to climate change in Pakistan.
The
pressing need was to implement their recommendations through sound policies. He
sought strengthening of environment-related institutions to boost research on
pressing issues and to monitor and penalize violations.
About
adverse effects on agriculture and public health, he said engagement with
communities was needed to control the damage.
SOURCE:
(Published in The Express Tribune, April 20th, 2012.)
Annual
Temperature Projections for Next 20 Years in Sindh
Temperature is not highly variable weather
parameter like rainfall over the monthly, annual and decadal scales. However, a
better guess of expected temperatures provide ample time for planning purposes
both at the farmers and policy maker’s level. During the next 20 years, the mean
daily temperatures are expected to range from 26-27°C along the coastal belt of
Sindh, 27-28°C in central parts of the province while upper Sindh will experience
them between 27-29°C. Following graphs present a picture of the thermal regime
of main towns and cities of the Sindh province likely to prevail during
2011-2030.
The rise
in temperature will increase the rate of evaporation of moisture from the soil
surface and transpiration from the plant tissues in the vegetated areas of the
province. They will directly enhance the water requirement of field crops,
animals, human beings as well as the domestic and the industrial sectors. Water
is going to be a limiting factor as population increase and warming climate
will claim a larger share to satisfy their demands. Although some additional
amount of glacier melt water is expected to improve the river discharge but
uncertainty of availability on temporal and spatial scales will be a great challenge.
IMPACT
OF RAINFALL ON RICE:
Rice
production in Pakistan is highly correlated with monsoon rainfall. The
relationships between rainfall variation and rice production have attracted
significant interest at a country scale in Asia, but regional differences
within a country remain unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of
rainfall variation on ‘kharif’ rice (rainy season rice)—including temporal
changes in this relationship—mostly, using a statistical model and a
district-level data series of rice production and rainfall. Three homogeneous
regions were identified within the study area. In the upper Ganges, the drought
effect on rice production was dominant; however it became less pronounced due
to decreased rainfall variation. In the lower Ganges, the flood effect
increased due to increased rainfall. In the Brahmaputra Basin, the drought
effect increased due to increased rainfall variation. Non-stationarity in the
rainfall–rice production relationship was caused mainly by changes in rainfall
patterns; however the impact of other factors, including social factors, should
be evaluated on a regional scale.
SOURCE:
IR (Inter-Research Science Centre)
IMPACT
OF RAINFALL ON RICE IN SINDH:
Paddy crops, of Irri-6 and Irri-9, have been hit by heavy rains both in
Sindh and Punjab. But the damage done varies from mild to severe depending upon
the maturity of the crop which was sown relatively late this year due to water
shortage.
Growers say that where these non-Basmati varieties had been replanted
before mid-August and where rainfall had not been very heavy or had not been
accompanied by flooding the crop has been hit only slightly. But where they had
not been replanted, like in some parts of Punjab, or where they were just being
replanting as in some parts of Sindh, heavy rains combined with overflowing
rivers and canals have damaged the crop.
“Many like me in Ghotki had even hired workers for coarse rice thrashing
in Sindh in August as we were expecting that harvesting would start in
September,” said a Ghotki-based rice trader Namal Das who buys paddy from rice
fields and help rice mills in their thrashing on contract basis. “Harvesting
has delayed now and may not begin until the third week of this month.”
As for Basmati varieties, heavy rains have not hit the crop much because
of two reasons. First, after experiencing last year’s heavy rains and flooding,
growers had taken maximum care of saving the crop from their ill effects.
Secondly, Basmati fields in Sindh, Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in some
parts of Balochistan are generally not located in low-lying areas and draining
out rain water is easier there.
Harvesting of Basmati normally begins after the harvesting of Irri-6 and
Irri-9. Growers say they will begin reaping this year’s crop sometime in mid or
late October in Sindh and parts of Punjab and late as in November in most parts
of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
Pakistan has set 6.9 million tonnes of milled rice target for the
current cropping year. An official of federal food security and research ministry
says it is difficult to predict precisely whether the target would be met “but
even if there is any slippage it would not be that big.”
Growers’ groups fear that late sowing of paddy in Sindh and Punjab due
to water shortage and then belated medium to heavy rainfall may have a mixed
impact on rice output and they too believe it is premature now to assess the
impact of rains on overall paddy production.
SOURCE: By From InpaperMagazine
Future Precipitation Change in
Sindh Province
Rainfall
is a highly variable climate parameter over time and space. Future projections
of rainfall on decadal scale for central and upper climatic zones of the Sindh
province are given in the following graphs which on one hand indicate large
inter-decadal variations and on the other hand a decreasing trend of rainfall
can be clearly seen at all stations of the province. Climate models project the
future rainfall pattern in such a way than in the first half of the century,
the amounts of rainfall is likely to increase whereas the second half will
follow a sharp decline with highly variable occurrence. The decade of 2060s is
predominantly a drought stricken decade for the whole province of Sindh.
CHALANGES FOR RICE CROPS:
SEA-LEVEL
RISE:
Experts
have predicted that, as a consequence of melting polar ice caps and glaciers
due to rising temperatures, seawater levels may rise on average by about 1 m by
the end of the 21st century. Rice is grown in vast low-lying deltas and coastal
areas in Asia; sea-level rise would therefore make rice production very
vulnerable to climate change. More than half of rice produce, for instance, is
grown in the Mekong River delta—all of which would be affected by sea-level rise.
Predicting the precise effect of sea-level rise on rice production in
vulnerable areas is complicated because the effect goes beyond sea-level rise
itself. The entire hydrology of the delta will be affected; sediment discharge
and shoreline gradients will change.
FLOODING:
Rice
is unique in that it can thrive in wet conditions where other crops fail.
Uncontrolled flooding is a problem, however, because rice cannot survive if
submerged under water for long periods of time. Flooding caused by sea-level
rises in coastal areas and the predicted increased intensity of tropical storms
with climate change will likely hinder rice production. At present, about 20
million hectares of the world’s rice-growing area is at risk of occasionally
being flooded to submergence level, particularly in major rice-producing
countries such as India and Bangladesh. Major flooding events are likely to
increase in frequency with the onslaught of climate change and rice-growing
areas, currently not exposed to flooding, will experience floods.
SALINITY:
Salinity
is also associated with higher sea levels as this will bring saline water
further inland and expose more rice-growing areas to salty conditions. Rice is
only moderately tolerant of salt and yields can be reduced when salinity is
present. As with sea-level rises, the effects of salinity can permeate
throughout whole deltas and fundamentally change hydrological systems.
WATER
SCARCITY:
Rice
requires ample water to grow. Rainless days for a week in upland rice-growing
areas and for about two weeks in shallow lowland rice-growing areas can
significantly reduce rice yields. Average yield reduction in rain fed,
drought-prone areas has ranged from 17 to 40% in severe drought years, leading
to production losses and food scarcity. With the onset of climate change, the
intensity and frequency of droughts are predicted to increase in rain fed
rice-growing areas and droughts could extend further into water-short irrigated
areas. Water scarcity affects more than 23 million hectares of rain fed rice
production areas in South and Southeast Asia. In Africa, recurring drought
affects nearly 80% of the potential 20 million hectares of rain fed lowland
rice. Drought also affects rice production in Australia, China, USA, and other
countries.
PEST,
DESEASE AND WEEDS:
Surveys
in hundreds of farmers’ fields over the last 10 years show that rice diseases
and pests are strongly influenced by climate change. Water shortages, irregular
rainfall patterns, and related water stresses increase the intensity of some
diseases, including brown spot and blast. On the other hand, new environmental
conditions and shifts in production practices that farmers may adopt to cope
with climate change could lead to reductions of diseases such as sheath blight
or insects such as whorl maggots or cutworms. As such, new crop health’s
dynamics are emerging. Weed infestation and rice-weed competition are predicted
to increase and will represent a major challenge for sustainable rice
production. Also, extreme weather events have recently led to dramatic rodent
population outbreaks in Asia due to unseasonal and asynchronous cropping.
SOURCE:
(IRRI- INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE)
CLIMATE
IMPACT ON RICE CROP IN SIDH:
Rice production in Sindh would likely be decreased in
2011, in comparison of production of 2010, because a large number of flood-hit
growers could not cultivate rice crops on their lands due to dread of floods.
Reliable sources inside Sindh Agriculture
department told Business
Recorder on Tuesday that
Agriculture department has conducted a survey in order to know the expected
production of rice of province in which it was disclosed that production would
be reduced.
Larkana, Shikarpur, Qambar-Shahdadkot,
Jacobabad, Kashmore-Kandhkot, Thatta and Dadu districts were major producers of
rice in Sindh but the said districts had faced irreparable losses due to floods
of last year.
Rice crops standing on thousands of acres had
been washed out and growers had faced huge financial losses in this situation.
Though Sindh government had distributed seed and fertilisers among flood-hit
growers yet a large number of growers from the said districts did not cultivate
the rice crops on all lands due to fear of floods, sources told.
Slow progress about the on-going schemes of
rehabilitation of Indus and non-Indus dykes have also created unrest among the
growers, sources revealed.
In 2010, rice production in said districts was
recorded as half in comparison of 2009 due to heavy losses because of floods.
According to the official report obtained by Business Recorder, 1,230,304 tons
production of all verities of rice had been recorded in 2010 919,364 tons
production of Irri, 264,785 tons production of Hybrid, 42,542 tons production
of Basmati and 3613 tons production of other varieties had been recorded by the
Sindh Agriculture department.
While rice production of 2009 was 2,422,347 tons
from which 1,728,176 tons production of Irri, 583,104 tons production of
Hybrid, 103,195 tons production of Basmati and 7,872 tons production of other
varieties had been registered by officials of Agriculture department, report
further mentioned.
In 2009 Larkana's rice production was 383,600
tons, Shikarpur's production was 331,853 tons, Qambar-Shahdadkot's production
was 296,195 tons, Jacobabad's production was 291,644 tons, Kashmore-Kandhkot's
production was 254,402 tons, Badin's production was 254,807 tons, Thatta's
production was 215,532 tons and Dadu's rice production was 172,210 tonne,
report added.
Khairpur Mir's, Ghotki, Sukkur, NaushehroFeroze,
Benazirabad (Nawabshah), Sanghar, JamshoroHyderabad, Matiari and Tando Mohammad Khan districts are low
producers of rice. While there is no-cultivation of rice in Karachi, Tharparkar
and Tandoallahyar districts, report stated. In this connection, an official of
Agriculture department told Business
Recorder that though prior
authorities of department knew about the fear of rice-growers even then they
did not took serious efforts to aware the growers in this regard.
He said that prior authorities should have sent
mobile teams in flood-hit areas in order to support the rice growers but they
didn't do this and resulting, Sindh will face shortage of rice in current
season.
SOURCE: (Business Recorder, 2011)
SOWING PERIOD OF MAJOR CROPS
|
DISTRICT WISE SOWING PERIOD
OF RICE CROP IN SINDH |
||
|
Sr.# |
Name
of District |
Sowing
Period |
|
1. |
Jacobabad |
15th
June - 15 July |
|
2. |
Shikarpur |
15th
June - 15 July |
|
3. |
Larkana |
15th
June - 15 July |
|
4. |
Sukkur |
- |
|
5. |
Ghotki |
- |
|
6. |
Khairpur |
- |
|
7. |
N.S.
Feroze |
- |
|
8. |
Nawabshah |
- |
|
9. |
Sanghar |
- |
|
10. |
Mirpurkhas |
- |
|
11. |
Hyderabad |
15
April - 15th May |
|
12. |
Thar |
- |
|
13. |
Badin |
15
April - 15th May |
|
14. |
Thatta |
15
April - 15th May |
|
15. |
Dadu |
15th
June - 15 July |
|
16. |
Karachi |
- |
SOURCE:
(Govt
OF SINDH-AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT)
|
Market
Year |
Production |
Unit
of Measure |
Growth
Rate |
|
2000 |
4802 |
(1000 MT) |
-6.87 % |
|
2001 |
3882 |
(1000 MT) |
-19.16 % |
|
2002 |
4479 |
(1000 MT) |
15.38 % |
|
2003 |
4848 |
(1000 MT) |
8.24 % |
|
2004 |
5025 |
(1000 MT) |
3.65 % |
|
2005 |
5547 |
(1000 MT) |
10.39 % |
|
2006 |
5450 |
(1000 MT) |
-1.75 % |
|
2007 |
5700 |
(1000 MT) |
4.59 % |
|
2008 |
6900 |
(1000 MT) |
21.05 % |
|
2009 |
6800 |
(1000 MT) |
-1.45 % |
|
2010 |
5000 |
(1000 MT) |
-26.47 % |
|
2011 |
6200 |
(1000 MT) |
24.00 % |
|
2012 |
5800 |
(1000 MT) |
-6.45 % |
|
2013 |
6600 |
(1000 MT) |
13.79 % |
|
Crop/
Year |
Area |
|
2000-01 |
2376.6 |
|
2001-02 |
2114.2 |
|
2002-03 |
2225.2 |
|
2003-04 |
2460.6 |
|
2004-05 |
2519.6 |
|
2005-06 |
2621.4 |
|
2006-07 |
2581.2 |
|
2007-08 |
2515.4 |
|
2008-09 |
2962.6 |
AREA OF RICE
CROP IN SINDH
(Area in "000"
Hectares)
|
Crop/
Year |
Area |
|
2000-01 |
540.1 |
|
2001-02 |
461.1 |
|
2002-03 |
488.3 |
|
2003-04 |
551.2 |
|
2004-05 |
543.9 |
|
2005-06 |
593.2 |
|
2006-07 |
598.1 |
|
2007-08 |
594.0 |
|
2008-09 |
733.5 |
Province-wise Area and Production
Of Rice Crop
]
SOURCE:
CROPS AREA AND PRODUCTION (BY DISTRICTS)
(1981-82 TO 2008-09) VOLUME I FOOD AND CASH
CROPS
GOVERNMENT OF
PAKISTAN STATISTICS DIVISION
FEDERAL BUREAU OF
STATISTICS (ECONOMIC WING)
ISLAMABAD
Zone
A1 covers the districts of Shikarpur, Larkana and
the northern taluka (Mehar and Khairpur Nathan Shah) of Dadu district. Dadu, Rice
and NWC Canals of Sukkur Barrage Irrigate the zone. Rice is the major crop of
the zone, followed by wheat while Rabi pulses and oilseeds are dubari crops.
Wheat, sugarcane, oilseeds, Rabi and Kharif vegetables as well as guava and
dates are also grown under the command of Dadu and NWC perennial canals. Zone
A2 covers the region of Jacobabad and Larkana districts. Here the soil is
richer in clays than the soil of Zone A1, potentially more fertile and less
prone to salinity Environmental and Social Management Framework Pakistan -
Sindh Agriculture Growth Project 4-11problems. However, it is slower to drain.
The major crop of the zone is rice in Kharif, followed by wheat, Rabi pulses
and oilseeds as dubari crops.
Zone
B: Zone B covers the left bank of river Indus in
the districts of Ghotki, Sukkur, Khairpur, Naushero Feroze, Sanghar, Hyderabad,
Mirpurkhas and Tharparkar. The entire Zone is Indus flood plain. Saline soils
are encountered throughout the zone. The problem Tends to be more acute in the
east of Ghotki and Sukkur Districts (Zone B1) and in Eastern Sanghar and
Mirpurkhas District (Zone B2). Cotton and sugarcane are the main Kharif crops
of Zone B1. Oilseeds like sesame and sunflower are also being cultivated
increasingly in the zone due to water scarcity. Wheat, oilseeds and vegetables
follow the Kharif crops.
Zone
B2: lies in the command area of four perennial canals
(Rohri, Khairpur Feeder Eastland West and Nara) of the Sukkur barrage covering
the districts Khairpur, Naushero Feroze, Sanghar, Hyderabad, Mirpurkhas, and Tharparkar.
The major Kharif crops of the zoneare cotton and sugarcane, followed by sesame,
sunflower, and groundnuts. In the Rabi season,wheat is the major crop followed
by rapeseed, mustard, sugarcane, Rabi vegetables, andonion. The zone also
produces mango, banana, chiku, Papaya, citrus, and jujube.
Zone
C: Zone C consists of lower Sindh, and isfed from
the Kotri Barrage. It includes the IndusDelta and covers the districts of
Thatta, Karachi, Badin (except taluka Matli and Northern parts ofTandoBago) and
taluka Tando Mohammad Khanof District Hyderabad. Zone C is more saline than any
other area in Sindh. Salinity and water-loggingare most Severe in this zone
where drainage is difficult due to an absence of a gradient. The climate of Zone
C is mild and humid, and ithas the highest rainfall in Sindh (180 to 250 mmper
year). However, its agricultural production islow. The main crops are rice and Sugarcane
in Kharif, which are followed by wheat and vegetables in perennial areas. The Main
vegetables grown here are onion and tomato and the zone also produces banana,
chiku, papaya and coconut. Palm oil plantation has been successfully introduced
in this Zone.
SOURCE:
Pakistan - Sindh Agriculture Growth Project
Major
Challenges:
·
Increased requirements
of irrigation water due to higher evapotranspiration at elevated temperatures;
while less water will be available.
·
Uncertainty to
timely availability of irrigation water caused by changes in river flows due to
glacier melting and altered precipitation pattern; shortage of irrigation water
due to inadequate storage capacity;
·
Erratic and
uncertain rainfall patterns affecting particularly the rain-fed agriculture;
·
Increased
frequency and intensity of extreme climate events such as floods, drought and
cyclones resulting in heavy damages to both crops and livestock;
·
Abundance of
insects, pests and pathogens in warmer and more humid environment, particularly
after heavy rains and floods;
·
Degradation of
rangeland and further deterioration of the already degraded cultivated land
areas such as those suffering from water erosion, wind erosion, water-logging,
salinity etc
·
Intrusion of
sea water into deltaic region affecting coastal agriculture, forestry and
biodiversity;
·
Lack of
technical capacity to predict with reasonable certainty the expected changes in
climatic parameters such as temperature, precipitation, extreme events etc.;
·
Low adaptive
capacity to adverse climate change impacts.
·
World
Production and Trade OF RICE
According to FAO’s latest forecast, world production in 2004/05 may have
reached 606 MT of paddy rice (405 in white equivalent), against 585 MT in the
last year up by 3.5%. As a result of this increased production, world rice
trade is estimated at 25.9 MT, against 27 MT in 2004. Production grew mainly in
China, where prices recovery and large utilization of hybrid varieties have
contributed to boost supply. In the rest of the world, production also raised
due to the expansion of rice areas and higher yields. For 2005/06, it is
expected another increase, to 615 MT. Nevertheless, supply is still not enough
when compared to consumption needs (414 MT in white equivalent). It will lead
to a new fall in world stocks, from 97 MT in the year before to 95 MT, the
lowest level since 1982.
SOURCE: (FAO- FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION)
Economic
Importance of Rice for Pakistan
Rice is the second most important crop which brings economic prosperity of the
growers as well as earns billions of rupees through its export for country.
Pakistani fine rice commonly known as Basmati is world famous and enjoys
monopoly in the international market, due to its quality characteristics,
strong aroma, slender and long kernel, gelatinization, temperature and high
degree of grain elongation on cooking. However, the grain yield of basmati rice
varieties is very low. In order to remain in the International market, we have
to further improve the quality as well as yield of basmati varieties. Rice
plays a pivotal role in the agro-based and occupies a prominent position in
agricultural economy of Pakistan.
Rice is a high valued cash crop and is also a major export item. It accounts
for 5.7 percent of the total value added in agriculture and 1.3 percent to GDP.
Production of rice during 2004-05 is provisionally estimated at 4991 thousand
tons, which is 2.9 percent higher than last year. Rice was cultivated on an
area of 2503 thousand hectares, showing an increase of 1.7 percent over last
year. The higher production is due to favourable weather condition.
SOURCE: (FAO- FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION)
Major
Producing Areas
Major producing areas include Gujranwala, Hafizabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot,
Jhang & Okara of Punjab and Larkana, Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Badin, Dadu
& Thatta districts of Sindh.
Main Varieties
In Pakistan, rice is mainly grown in the Sindh and Punjab. The Sindh is
specialized in producing the Long grain white rice IRRI-6 and IRRI-9, while
Punjab is producing world class Basmati rice among IRRI-9 and other varieties.
Punjab is the biggest producer of rice in the country and contributes 58 per
cent to national production while the provinces of Sindh, Balochistan and NWFP
to 29, 3 and 10 per cent, respectively. Some of the important varieties grown
in the country are Super Basmati, Kernel Basmati, Basmati 385, IRRI-6, IRRI-9,
KS-282, DR-82 and DR-83. All rice is irrigated and mainly transplanted. On an
average, each household in Pakistan spends about 3.8 percent of its total food
expenditure on rice and rice flour. It is the second staple food and contributes
more than 2 million tons to Pakistan's national food requirement.
Rice Export
Like India, Pakistan exports both high-quality Basmati rice which sells at a
substantial premium in high-income markets as well as intermediate and low
quality non-aromatic long grain milled rice to developing countries, mostly in
East Africa where it competes with China and Vietnam, and in South Asia.
Pakistan’s Basmati rice typically sells at a lower price than India’s Basmati.
For all rice, Sub-Saharan Africa, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Middle
East and the EU are leading export markets for Pakistan.
Rice exports reached record US$ 932.3 million, showing an extraordinary
increase of US$ 297.8 million (46.9 percent) during FY 05 despite a fall in
unit values. Export values of basmati rice and other varieties stood at US$ 439
and US$ 493.6 respectively.
Benefits of Rice Futures Contract
Futures Contract of Rice would provide hedging platform for the
following market participants.
Progressive GrowersØ
MillersØ
Manufacturers of Value Added ProductsØ
TradersØ
ExportersØ
InvestorØ
Rice futures price is important to farmers, millers, exporters. All groups can
use futures price or price discovery as information to direct their businesses
or to manage their risk.
In addition, exporters can use futures exchange as hedging tools to manage
their risk. They can buy rice futures contract and sell futures contract before
the first delivery notice day called "offset", then the exporters
take profit or loss from contract price difference. If they buy high and sell
higher, they will gain from buying futures contract. In contrast, they buy high
and sell low, they will lose from buying futures contract.
In cash market, exporters can buy or sell rice futures contract in which they
may take profit or lose as well. Fortunately, they gain in futures exchange but
lose in cash market. And the gain covers their losses, so they will take
profit.
|
Source: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock.
. |
Environmental Protection NGOs of pakistan
List of NGOs working on Protecting environment and Creating sustainable
World.
|
Logo |
Name and Website |
Active Since |
Postal Address |
Work Overview / Comments |
|
|
1995 |
LEAD Pakistan |
|
|
|
|
|
206 - G, Block 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Safe - Social Alliance for Friendly Environment |
|
Suit no. 4 2nd Floor Junaid Palaza Iqbal Road Committee Choak
Rawalpindi, Pakistan |
|
|
|
Scope- Society for Conservation and
Protection of Environment |
|
|
|
|
|
Piedar- Pakistan Institute of
Environmental Development & Action Research |
|
Office # 3, First Floor,64 E |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
177B, Jhanzaib Block, |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2000 |
|
Working on climate change. |
|
|
|
Majlis Tahaffaz Maholiat (MTM) |
1996 |
Flat. # 7-A, Shaheen Plaza, Railway Road Sargodha Ph. # 048-6886143, 0302-3539469, 0300-6007292 |
|
|
|
|
Islamabad Office: Karachi Office: |
Environmental awareness projects. Organic food promotion, trees
plantation etc. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
House No.5, St. No.11, Banigala, Islamabad, Pakistan. |
Growing tourism industry by preserving natural habitats of Pakistan.
Partners with NGOs and NPOs related to environment conservation. |
|
|
|
Al-Hayat Green Shield Environment Society |
|
FECT 31-C, Circular oad, University Town, Peshawar, Pakistan Ph:
92-091-45387 / 840511 |
|
|
|
Daman Environment protection Soceity- DEPS |
|
Qasre Abbas, North circular road, Dera ismail khan. TEL: 0961717163 |
|
|
|
Village Environment Protection Society |
|
Peshawar, Pakistan |
|
|
|
Serena Environmental Society (SES) |
|
C/O Quetta Serena Hotel, Shahra-e-Zarghoon, P.O. Box No. 109,
QuettaCantonment, |
|
Environmental
Protection NGOs of pakistan
and Other Government Agencies with
Environmental Concerns in Pakistan
Primary
Government Environmental Agency:
MINISTRY OF CLIMATE CHANGE
(MOCC) - www.mocc.gov.pk
·
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
DEVELOPMENT BOARD (AEDB) - www.aedb.org
·
GARDENS OF PAKISTAN,
NATIONAL FUND FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE - www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/gardens.html
·
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PAKISTAN (GSP)
- www.gsp.gov.pk
·
NATIONAL ENERGY CONSERVATION CENTRE
(ENERCON) www.enercon.gov.pk
·
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY
(NIO) - www.niopk.gov.pk
·
PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
COUNCIL (PARC) - www.parc.gov.pk
·
PAKISTAN COUNCIL OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
TECHNOLOGIES (PCRET) www.pcret.gov.pk
·
PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY (Pak-EPA) www.environment.gov.pk
·
PAKISTAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT
(PMD) www.pmd.gov.pk
·
PAKISTAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
- www.pmnh.gov.pk
·
PAKISTAN WETLANDS PROGRAMME,
MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT
Pakistan
Environmental Protection Agecies
*Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Protection
Agency for Azad Kashmir.
*EPA for
Punjab Province Pakistan Punjab Province.
*EPA for
Sindh Sindh Province.
*EPA for
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province.
*EPA for
Balochistan Province.
*EPA for
Gilgit-Baltistan.
Sindh
Environmental Protection Agency
Its main functions include:
- Monitoring
and regulating agency
- Responsible
for enforcement of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997
- Enforce
National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)
- Implement
Self Monitoring & Reporting Tool (SMART)
- Environmental
Impact Assessment
- Advise
and coordinate with the government, NGOs etc. on preventive measures for
abatement of pollution.
- Assist
local authorities and government departments to implement schemes for
proper disposal of wastes to ensure compliance with NEQS
- Enhance
awareness among general public.
- Conduct
research and studies on different environmental issues.
- Attend
to public complaints on environmental issues.
- Carry
out any other task related to environment assigned by the government.
Presently
following development schemes are in process of implementation.(Projects)
·
1. Vehicular
Emission Monitoring & Awareness Activity in Karachi, 2010
·
2. Arsenic Contamination in Underground Water in Sindh
·
3. Public Awareness and Environmental Education in
Urban/Rural Sindh
·
4. Study on Hospital Waste Management for one major
Government/Public Sector Hospital and one Private Hospital
·
5. Vehicular Emission Control Program
·
6. Water Quality Monitoring Program
- NDP
Objective:
·
To examine the climate impacts on
Cotton crops in Sindh province of Pakistan
Review of literature:
Muhammad Azeem Qureshi
et al (2014), Mujeeb Khanzada et al (2014), Hassan Ujjan et al (2014), Yasir
Gul et al (2014) Teerath et al (2014), Wazeer Ali et al (2014), Faheem Chachar et
al (2014), Iftikhar Pathan et al (2014).
Key words:
Environment - Change - Impact - Rice - Sindh -Pakistan.
Methodology:
The methodology is
defined in two steps: conceptual framework and empirical model. The conceptual
framework discusses general procedure adopted to estimate the technical and
environmental efficiency while the empirical model explains the details of production
function specification and mathematical manipulation employed to estimate environmental
efficiency.Future projections of climate depend upon the authentic knowledge of
future state of emissions, level of environmental governance, demographic
parameters, socio-economic condition and technological advances. Likely state
of future affairs is incorporated in Global Climate Models to produce their
outputs on extended scales for the globe.
Result:
The production trend of rice in Pakistan generally
constant in some areas, production and yield during 2000-2001 the area under
rice crop2, 376.6 (000 Hectare) with the production was 4341 (000 MT) 2,039
kg/hec. Similarly during 2012-2013 area was 2,309 (000 Hectare) and production
was 6200 (000 MT) 2,398 kg/hec. The change percent of area, production and
yield was stagnant due to importance of crop and mine precisely because of
moderate environmental change. In 2010 summer flood Pakistan lost $9 Billion in
summer flood in Sindh. From 2000-1 t0 2013-14 the change in production is 14.9%
in rice. While the growth rate is 2.78 from 2001 to 2013.
Suggestion:
Nationwide climate
change policy should be devised through legislation clearly defining the role
of federation and provinces as well as public and private sector organizations
Climate change
monitoring and impact assessment activities should be organized on scientific
basis by filling the observational gaps over low elevation plains and glaciers zones
Climate resilient
infrastructure should be built along the coastal belt and wind power potential
already identified along Sind coast be harnessed to initiate development opportunity
in the deltaic region
Increasing losses of
crops due to frequent floods, Drought and tropical cyclones having been
pressing the farming community’s marginal economic condition harder and harder.
Insurance industry should be urged to play its role
In the upper catchments
of the Indus, water reservoirs should be constructed to reduce the flood losses
and regulated water supply over the Indus Delta. National water policy should
devise the mutually accepted water distribution method
Low elevation and poor
drainage have been causing water logging and salinity which required
technically viable drainage infrastructure to reclaim the heavy soils of the
delta
Due to sea level rise,
increased intrusion of sea water into the Indus deltaic region, the whole range
of marine life will be affected besides causing damage to mangroves, coral reefs
and coastal lagoons. Minimum environmental flow in the Indus must be ensured to
stop sea water intrusion
Avoid flood irrigation
and adopt modern efficient irrigation methods such as use of sprinkler, drip
and trickle irrigation systems; Reduce seepage from the canals and distribution
network which has been degrading the fertile soils
REFERENCES:
(IRRI--
INTERNATIONAL RICE RESEARCH INSTITUTE)
IR (Inter-Research Science Centre)
United States Department of Agriculture
CROPS
AREA AND PRODUCTION (BY DISTRICTS) (1981-82 TO 2008-09) VOLUME I FOOD AND CASH
CROPS GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN STATISTICS DIVISION FEDERAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS
(ECONOMIC WING) ISLAMABAD
Pakistan
- Sindh Agriculture Growth Project
Ministry
of Food, Agriculture and Livestock.
(FAO- FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION)
Afzaal,
M., Haroon, M. A., and ul Zaman, Q., 2009: Interdecadal Oscillations and the
Warming Trend in the Area-Weighted Annual Mean Temperature of Pakistan.
Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 6(11).
Chaudhary,
Q. Z., and G. Rasul., 2004: Agro-Climatic Classification of Pakistan. Science
Vision, Vol.9 No. 1-2 (Jul-Dec 2003) & No. 3-4 (Jan-Jun 2004), 59-66).
Chang, C.-P., and T.N
Haider,
K. W., G. Rasul and M. Afzaal, 2008: A Study on Tropical Cyclones of the
Arabian Sea in June 2007 and Their Connection with Sea Surface Temperature.
Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, Vol. 4 No. 8. pp. 37-48.
Haroon,
M. A., & Rasul, G., 2009: Principal Component Analysis of Summer Rainfall
and Outgoing Long-Wave Radiation over Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of
Meteorology, Vol.5 (10)
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