https://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/3000-rice-genomes-project-sequences-reveal-asian-rice-history-diversity#.WuHlDW6FPm4
http://www.blackseagrain.net/novosti/philippines-hopes-to-pass-rice-tariffication-law-in-2018
Moving chairs in Starbucks: Observational
studies find rice-wheat cultural differences in daily life in China
See all authors and affiliations
Science Advances 25 Apr 2018:
Vol. 4, no. 4, eaap8469
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aap8469
Abstract
Traditional paddy rice farmers had to share labor and coordinate
irrigation in a way that most wheat farmers did not. We observed people in
everyday life to test whether these agricultural legacies gave rice-farming
southern China a more interdependent culture and wheat-farming northern China a
more independent culture. In Study 1, we counted 8964 people sitting in cafes
in six cities and found that people in northern China were more likely to be
sitting alone. In Study 2, we moved chairs together in Starbucks across the
country so that they were partially blocking the aisle (n = 678). People in
northern China were more likely to move the chair out of the way, which is
consistent with findings that people in individualistic cultures are more
likely to try to control the environment. People in southern China were more
likely to adjust the self to the environment by squeezing through the chairs.
Even in China’s most modern cities, rice-wheat differences live on in everyday
life.
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INTRODUCTION
In
a laboratory study, we tested more than 1000 people from all over China on
several psychological measures of culture (1). People who had grown up in
southern China showed behaviors typical of interdependent cultures, such as
Japan—holistic thought, low importance of the self, and a strong distinction
between friends and strangers. People from northern China showed behaviors that
are more common in individualistic cultures, such as the UK—analytic thought,
strong importance of the self, and a smaller distinction between friends and
strangers.
Another
difference between northern and southern China is that, for thousands of years,
people in northern China grew wheat and millet, whereas people in southern
China farmed paddy rice (Guanzi,
seventh century BC). The idea that how cultures historically made a living
affects our behavior is called subsistence theory (2–4). For example, herding is a
relatively individual activity, where people move from place to place, and many
relationships are transitory. In contrast, many farming cultures are sedentary,
with more stable, enmeshed ties between people.
The
rice theory of culture breaks down farming further (1, 5). Compared to dryland crops, such as
wheat and millet, rice paddy farming often requires irrigation systems that
multiple families have to coordinate. Traditional paddy rice also required
about twice as many man hours as crops, such as wheat, which led many rice
cultures to form customs of exchanging labor (6–8). Over time, this tight coordination
may have pushed rice cultures to develop a more interdependent culture.
Study overview
Here,
we test for rice-wheat cultural differences in everyday life in China. In Study
1, we counted how many people were sitting alone versus with other people in
Starbucks and other cafes around China. In Study 2, we moved chairs to block
aisles in Starbucks and observed how many people moved the self to squeeze
through or moved the chairs. We designed this measure to test exerting control
over the environment, which is more common in individualistic cultures (9).
These
studies make several contributions to previous studies:
1)
These studies test the rice theory outside of the laboratory using a sample
that is not primarily students. In some ways, middle-class patrons of Starbucks
in major cities might be the last people among whom we should expect to find
subsistence style differences.
2)
These studies address the fundamental problem of self-report measures in
cultural psychology. Researchers have documented many problems with using
self-report scales to measure differences across cultures, from the
reference-group effect (10) to the stubbornly persistent
finding that the United States is just as collectivistic as China and Korea (11, 12), or that Japan is actually less
collectivistic than the United States [(13), p. 18]. There is also the
complete lack of correlation between nation-level self-reports of
conscientiousness with objective behaviors that tap into that same trait (14). However, observational studies of
cultural differences are oddly rare in psychology [except for a few strong
examples: (14, 15)]. Developing measures of concrete
behaviors addresses the problems of self-report and may provide future
researchers with documented non–self-report measures to use.
3)
Much of cross-cultural psychology has focused on East-West differences and
differences between nations. This study tests for differences within China.
4) This study extends the sample to include Hong Kong, which has
not been tested as a part of rice-wheat differences.
Strengths and weaknesses of observational studies
However,
observational studies have weaknesses too. Laboratory studies are strong
designs because they use a controlled environment and previously validated
measures. Observational studies are not so tightly controlled. We also cannot
be as sure we know what we are measuring—that the behavior we are measuring
represents individualism as we expect it does. For example, if a driver does
not stop completely at a stop sign, is that a sign of self-importance?
Impatience? Or disregard for law? The meaning of particular behaviors is more
open to debate than it is with laboratory measures.
To
combat these weaknesses, we use one behavior (sitting alone) that psychologists
have used before to document differences between groups of people. For the new
measure that we create (chair moving), we validate the measure by collecting
data in the United States, China, and Japan. We also validate the reliability
of the observations by having multiple observers rate the same behaviors. This
gives some evidence that these behaviors truly differ between individualistic
and interdependent cultures.
Despite the difficulties of observational studies, they are a
good antidote for the fact that many laboratory tests are not very helpful for
describing what rice and wheat cultures are like in everyday life. In a thought
style task, if people in northern China are more likely to pair “train” with
“bus” rather than “train” with “tracks,” what does that mean for everyday life?
These observational studies give a more concrete picture of how rice and wheat
cultures differ in everyday life.
Testing sites
We
tested in six cities: Beijing (wheat), Shenyang (wheat), Shanghai (rice),
Nanjing (rice), Guangzhou (rice), and Hong Kong (rice). All the cities are in
solidly rice areas (>70% farmland devoted to rice) or wheat areas [<20%
farmland devoted to rice (16)]. We chose major cities because
(i) it would be easier to obtain large samples in each site and (ii) they have
chain store locations that we could use as semiuniform testing environments.
Figure 1 shows how the six cities
compare on demographic variables. All are major metropolises, with gross
domestic product (GDP) per capita much higher than the national average, which
may actually make these places harder places to test the rice theory (if modernization
strongly influences culture and pushes cultures further away from their
agrarian roots). The fact that most people in major cities do not farm for a
living means that we are testing for the legacy of a history of farming, rather
than the effect of having farmed land oneself.
Fig. 1About 90% of the people in
Starbucks were from the local rice or wheat cultural region.
The Human Development Index is a United Nations index of health,
education, and wealth for 2015. GDP per capita data are from 2013, converted to
U.S. dollars. The population density is as of 2013.
Why Hong Kong is an interesting test case
We
included Hong Kong for two reasons: (i) Hong Kong is a much wealthier, more
modernized city than the other cities. Hong Kong has a GDP per capita about
three times those of Beijing and Shanghai (Fig. 1), as well as a longer history of
market capitalism and globalization. (ii) Hong Kong is a former British colony,
which has given it direct influence from a Western culture.
Using Hong Kong as a test case sets up a strong contrast between
two competing theories: modernization and the rice theory. If Hong Kong shows
more individualism, it would suggest that modernization (or British influence)
has made the culture more individualistic. If Hong Kong shows more
interdependence, it would suggest that rice differences can persist in the face
of modernization.
Are people in Beijing cafes actually from Beijing?
One
weakness of sampling large cities in China is that large cities have attracted
newcomers from rural areas. So how do we know that people in Beijing cafes are
actually from Beijing?
The
answer is that people in Beijing cafes do not actually need to be from Beijing.
Instead, this sample can adequately test the rice theory as long as most people
in Beijing Starbucks are from the north—other wheat-growing provinces. Second,
even among southerners who have moved to Beijing, there should be at least some
cultural assimilation because most have lived in the north for years. Thus, the
real threat to validity would be if more than 50% of people in Beijing cafes
are recent arrivals from the south, which is unlikely.
But to be conservative, we surveyed 105 people in Starbucks in
Beijing and Shanghai. We asked patrons which province they grew up in and how
long they had lived in Beijing or Shanghai. In Shanghai Starbucks, 61% grew up
in Shanghai, 89% were from rice provinces, and 93% were from rice provinces or
had lived in Shanghai for at least 2 years (Fig. 1). In Beijing, 60% grew up in
Beijing, 92% were from wheat provinces, and 98% were from wheat provinces or
had lived in Beijing for at least 2 years. Thus, people in Starbucks
overwhelmingly represent the rice and wheat regions.
Are cafes too far removed from farming?
Cafes
are expensive. In Beijing, the full-time minimum wage is US$434 a month (17). At that rate, 10 Starbucks lattes
a month would cost about 10% of someone’s income. Starbucks customers are
probably wealthier than average.
However, that should make it harder to find evidence for the
rice theory. If modernization erases differences based on historical rice
farming, then it should be harder to find those differences among middle-class
consumers in modern cafes. However, cultures have inertia, and differences
rooted in subsistence styles can persist hundreds of years after people put
down their plows (18). This study tests whether China’s
rice-wheat differences persist among its urban middle class.
Natural laboratories
Cafes do have one strong
advantage as a testing site. Cafes provide a naturally uniform environment
across different cities. One benefit of global capitalism is that it produces
stores with more or less the same environment—the same colors, the same chairs,
and the same smells—across China. This means that environmental cues should be
roughly similar across cities.
STUDY 1
Sitting alone
In Study 1, we observed the
number of people sitting with other people or alone in cafes. Why measure
sitting alone? On the face of it, sitting alone seems consistent with the
independent culture of wheat areas. There is also evidence that doing things
alone is more common in individualistic cultures. For example, researchers
created an index of individualistic markers across the United States, such as
divorce rates and Libertarian voting rates (19). This index was positively
correlated with the percentage of people driving to work alone versus
carpooling, and the percentage of people living alone [(19), p. 284], which suggests that
spending time alone is more common in individualistic cultures.
Observation rules
Three
researchers observed 8964 people in 256 stores across six cities (Beijing,
Shenyang, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong). Observers coded the
number of people sitting alone, the number of groups, the number of people in
groups, and the gender of the people sitting alone. To test whether the
observations were reliable, observers coded samples in Beijing (n = 447) and Shanghai (n = 251). Codings were
nearly identical (r’s
> 0.99).
We hypothesized that day of the week and time of day might
affect the percentage of people sitting alone, so we noted these variables and
made an effort to sample evenly by time and day of the week across cities. The
observers avoided tourist areas, such as the Forbidden City and the Bund, as
well as areas with lots of travelers, such as train stations and airports. To
avoid seasonal variation, all coding took place in the summer between June and
August. Observers did not sample during national holidays or exceptional events
(such as a typhoon that hit Guangzhou).
Control variables
As a predictor variable, we
used the percentage of farmland devoted to rice paddies in the province,
although results were similar using a binary rice-versus-wheat variable. We
used the earliest rice data that we could find from the 1996 Statistical
Yearbook. In addition to time of day and day of the week, we tested for city-
and district-level GDP per capita, population density, and age of the
population from 2013.
RESULTS
People
in rice regions were less likely to be alone (γ = −0.42, P = 0.010, rcity-level = 0.79; γ represents
group-level regression coefficients). On weekdays, roughly 10% more people were
alone in the wheat region than the rice region. On weekends, the wheat region
had about 5% more people sitting alone (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2Percentage of people sitting
alone in cafes.
People in the wheat area were more likely to be sitting alone on
weekdays (left) and weekends (right). Bars represent 1 SEM.
Day of the week. People were most likely to
be alone on Mondays (32% on Mondays versus 22% on weekends). The percentage
alone went down each day of the week through Sunday (B = −0.08, P < 0.001, rind-level = 0.10; table S12) (a
linear day-of-the-week variable explained slightly more variance than a
weekday-versus-weekend variable).
Morning versus afternoon. People were most likely to
be alone early in the day and less likely to be alone in the afternoon and into
evening (B =
−0.07, P<
0.001, rind-level = 0.10; time of day
rounded to the nearest hour). However, rice-wheat differences persisted
throughout the day (Fig. 3). Around noon, 33% of people were
alone. By 5:00 p.m., 22% of people were alone. Controlling for time of day and
day of the week, people in the rice areas were less likely to be alone (γ =
−0.43, P =
0.003, rcity-level = 0.85; Table 1). We controlled for time of day
and day of the week in all the following analyses.
Fig. 3People were more likely to
be alone earlier in the day, although rice-wheat differences persisted across
the day.
Yellow represents wheat region; green represents rice region.
Bars represent 1 SEM.
Table 1 Rice-wheat differences in sitting alone.
Note that day of the week is coded numerically: Monday, 1 to
Sunday, 7. Time of day is rounded to the nearest hour. Model is a hierarchical
linear model (HLM) using the binomial GLMER function. Data are grouped at the
city level in each model except the model with district GDP per capita. Table
S10 presents models with districts nested within cities.
View this table:
Starbucks versus other
cafes. People
were more likely to be alone in Starbucks than other cafes (γ = 0.17, P = 0.053, rstore-level = 0.05; table S1).
Results were similar when we grouped together Starbucks and Costa Coffee to
represent large international chains (γ = 0.21, P = 0.028, rstore-level = 0.08). Rice-wheat
differences remained after controlling for international chains (γ =
−0.45, P =
0.007, rcity-level = 0.80; Table 1).
Modernization. If modernization makes
cultures more individualistic and more Western, then we would expect more
people in modernized districts to be sitting alone. However, people in
wealthier cities were not more likely to be alone (GDP per capita; γ =
0.006, P =
0.672, rcity-level = 0.15; table S3).
This could be because the rice areas are also wealthier. After controlling for
rice, people in wealthier cities were more likely to be alone (γ = 0.018, P < 0.001, rcity-level = 0.47) (rice remained
significant; γ = −0.56, P <
0.001; Table 1).
Results were similar using wealth at the district level.
Wealthier districts were not more likely to have people sitting alone (γ =
.002, P =
0.824, rdistrict-level = 0.08; table S4). But
controlling for rice, people were marginally more likely to be alone in
wealthier districts (γ = 0.010, P =
0.082, rdistrict-level = 0.56; Table 1). In sum, the basic rice-wheat
differences were stronger than modernization differences. Modernization
differences were apparent only after taking rice-wheat differences into
account.
Self-employed people. Some people are alone in
cafes because they are working, which may be particularly common for people who
are self-employed and have no office space. We tested whether cities with a
higher percentage of self-employed workers had more people sitting alone.
Controlling for rice, areas with more self-employed people did not have more
people sitting alone (γ = 1.75, P =
0.629, rcity-level = 0.27; table S8).
Population density. Researchers have argued two
opposite ideas for how population density might affect culture. On the one
hand, some researchers have argued that population density should make cultures
more collectivistic [for example, (20, 21), pp. 58–59]. On the other hand,
cities are more densely populated than rural areas, and some researchers think
that cities are more individualistic (22). In terms of the practicalities of
sitting alone, people in dense cities may have smaller homes and more need to
use a cafe as a place to work or read.
Results supported the idea that dense cities are more
collectivistic. People were less likely to be alone in districts with a higher
population density (γ = −0.03, P =
0.177, rdistrict-level = −0.22). However,
population density is highly correlated with rice; after controlling for rice,
population density was not significant (γ = 0.02, P = 0.559, rdistrict-level = 0.31). In sum,
population density was not a strong predictor.
Age and gender. If China’s younger
generation is more individualistic than the older generation, then districts
with younger populations might have more people sitting alone. However, the
finding was that those younger districts were no more likely to have people
sitting alone (table S4). Men made up 50.6% of the people sitting alone in the
wheat region and 52.4% in the rice region. Thus, gender did not seem able to
explain differences between regions.
Alternative
predictors. In the Supplementary Materials, we present analyses of other
variables that researchers have used to explain cultural differences: climate
(temperature), pathogen prevalence, percentage of nonlocal residents, and
alternative measures of modernization (service-sector employment, employment in
private industry, and Internet penetration). Although the sample is small to
test many different theories, rice consistently predicted differences more
strongly than these alternatives (table S8).
DISCUSSION
People in the wheat areas
were more likely to be alone than people in the rice areas. This was also true
in Hong Kong, a wealthier, more modernized city in the rice region. These
results suggest that rice-wheat cultural differences within China extend into
everyday life—not just in the careful, controlled laboratory measurements.
STUDY 2
Chair moving
Some
cultural psychologists have argued that, when people run into a problem,
individualists are more likely to try to change the situation, and collectivists
are more likely to change the self to fit the situation [(21, 23), p. 67]. Similarly, in their
classic paper on self-concept, Markus and Kitayama (24) theorized that individualistic
Americans value “gaining control over surroundings” (p. 241), whereas Japanese
people tend to see maturity as the ability to gain control over the inner world
of the self (p. 227).
Findings
have supported these theories. For example, researchers have found that
Americans emphasize control and influence, whereas people in Japan emphasize
adjustment and fitting in (9, 25–27). In addition, research on “primary
control” (active control) versus “secondary control” (adjusting to the
situation) has found that Americans are more likely to try primary control (28).
To
test this theory in everyday life, we pushed chairs together in Starbucks and
observed how many people moved the chairs out of their way and how many moved
their body to squeeze through the chairs (Fig. 4). If people in rice areas are more
collectivistic, with less importance placed on the self, they should be less
likely to move the chairs.
Fig. 4Demonstrations of the
chair-moving test.
A research assistant demonstrating how difficult it is to walk
through the chair trap (left). To standardize chair width, researchers set the
chairs to the width of their hips. Researchers only used light wooden chairs
like these (right) to set the chair traps, never large stools or large plush
chairs like those in the background of the picture.
To
the best of our knowledge, no studies have used this method before. Thus, we
cannot be certain what moving the chair represents. Thus, we tested the
validity of this method by running samples in two countries shown to have
differences in importance of the self—Japan and the United States. We also
tested a subsample of participants in China who did and did not move the chair
on psychological constructs previously shown to differ between individualistic
and collectivistic cultures: cultural thought style, internal versus external
locus of control, and self-efficacy (see the Supplementary Materials for more
details).
Finally, moving the chair is similar to a study that put
participants in front of a fan that was set to an uncomfortably high setting (29). Participants who were primed to
feel powerful (and perhaps place more importance on the self) were more likely
to turn the fan off or move it out of the way. Thus, there is some evidence
that actively removing an obstacle is more common among people who place a
higher importance on the self.
Observation rules
A total of 678 people in
five cities walked through the chair trap (wheat: Beijing and Shenyang; rice:
Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Hong Kong). All observations were made in the summer
(11 July to 2 September). We ran the study in Starbucks only to keep the
testing environment similar across cities.
Control variables
Observers coded for several
variables that we thought might affect how likely people are to move chairs:
gender, time of day, day of the week, employee versus customer, walking alone
versus in a group, and under/over 40 years old. Observers estimated whether
people were under or over 40 years old on the basis of their appearance. In addition
to rice, we ran models with GDP per capita and population density at the city
and district level.
RESULTS
People
in the rice region were less likely to move the chair (γ = −1.86, P < 0.001, rcity-level = −0.99, rind-level = −0.24; Table 2). In the rice region, about 6% of
people moved the chair, whereas in the wheat region, 16% of people moved the
chair (Fig. 5).
Table 2 Rice, GDP, and demographic predictors of chair moving.
Note that models are HLMs using the binomial GLMER function. Data
are grouped at the city level, except for the bottom two models, which are
grouped at the district level. See table S11 for models with districts nested
in cities.
View this table:
Fig. 5People in wheat areas were
about three times more likely to move the chair than people in rice areas.
Bars represent 1 SEM.
Employees. Employees were much more
likely to move the chair (B =
1.93, P <
0.001, rind-level = 0.10; Fig. 6). Among employees, 24% moved the
chair compared to 4% of customers. However, rice-wheat differences were
apparent among employees (γ = −2.55, P <
0.001, rcity-level = −0.86, rind-level = −0.39) and civilians
(γ = −1.67, P =
0.009, rcity-level = −0.97, rind-level = −0.19).
Fig. 6
Employees were about five times more likely than customers to
move the chair (left). Among customers, men were more likely than women to move
the chair (center). Comparing China, Japan, and the United States, Americans
were about twice as likely to move the chair (right). Bars represent 1 SEM.
Gender. Among customers, women were
less likely to move the chair (B =
−1.06, P =
0.016, rind-level = −0.19; Fig. 6). Among employees, men and women
did not differ (B =
0.03, P =
0.936, rind-level < 0.01). In a model
controlling for gender and employee effects, the rice-wheat differences
remained (γ = −2.02, P <
0.001, rcity-level = 0.97, rind-level = −0.24; Table 2).
Age and time of day. Many people have argued that
the younger generation in China is more individualistic than the older
generation (30). If so, older people might be less
likely to move the chairs. On the other hand, older people may feel more
respected in society or able to assert control. There were no significant
differences in chair moving for people below 40 years old (B = 0.03, P = 0.928, rind-level < 0.01).
At the district level, districts with older populations were
less likely to move the chair (γ = −0.18, P = 0.041, rdist-level = −0.49) (among
nonemployees; table S6). However, this relationship became nonsignificant after
adding rice (γ = −0.05, P =
0.667, rdist-level = −0.19). Time of day
was not related to chair moving (P =
0.851).
Alone versus groups. People in groups were
marginally less likely to move the chair (B =
−0.66, P =
0.069, rind-level = 0.11). However, this
might be because (i) employees never walked in groups and (ii) people in rice
areas were more likely to be walking in groups. In a model including rice,
employee, and gender, the effect of walking in a group was not significant (P = 0.565).
Modernization. We tested whether people in
more developed (and presumably more modernized) cities were more likely to move
the chair. Wealth of the city was not related to chair moving (γ = −0.35, P = 0.467, rcity-level = −0.44) (GDP per
capita; table S6). This was also true after controlling for rice (P = 0.936; Table 2).
Next,
we zoomed into the district level. People in wealthier districts were not more
likely to move the chairs (GDP per capita; γ = −0.02, P = 0.517, rcity-level = 0.23; table S6). The
slight negative relationship could be because the rice areas of China are
wealthier than the wheat areas. Controlling for rice, people in wealthier
districts were marginally more likely to move the chairs (γ = 0.03, P = 0.199, rcity-level = 0.67).
People in more densely populated districts were less likely to
move the chairs (γ = −0.19, P =
0.052, rdist-level = −0.61; table S6).
But again, rice areas tend to be more densely populated than wheat areas;
controlling for rice, population density was not significant (γ = 0.01, P = 0.937, rdist-level < 0.01). In sum,
wealth and urbanization were not strong predictors of moving the chair.
Alternative
predictors. The Supplementary Materials present tests of temperature,
pathogen prevalence, percentage of nonlocal residents, and alternative measures
of modernization. These alternative variables were not strong predictors of
chair moving, particularly after taking rice farming into account (table S9).
Validity checks. Because previous studies
have not used chair moving as a psychological variable, we tested validity in
several ways. We approached a subsample (n =
42) of cafe goers who did or did not move the chair and asked them to complete
several psychological measures. Chair movers thought more analytically (more
common in individualistic cultures) than people who did not move the chair (B = 0.61, P = 0.024, r = 0.35). Chair movers
also scored marginally higher on internal locus of control (B = 0.60, P= 0.088, r = 0.27). There were no
differences on self-efficacy (B =
0.05, P =
0.845, r =
0.03).
Next,
we tested validity by testing in cultures known from previous research to
differ in individualism: the United States and Japan. If moving the chairs
actually taps into feelings of control over the environment that are more
common in individualistic cultures, Americans should be more likely than people
in China and Japan to move the chair. To test this, we observed 93 people walk
through the chair trap in Washington, DC and New York City. Americans were more
than twice as likely to move the chair (8.0% in China versus 20.4% in the
United States; Fig. 6) (B = 1.70, P < 0.001, r = 0.22; table S9).
We
also ran a small sample in Japan (Kyoto and Nagoya, 45 observations). As a rice
culture and a collectivistic culture, Japan should have a low rate of moving
the chair. Japan’s rate of chair moving (8.5%) was similar to China’s (8.0%) (γ
= −0.15, P =
0.788, r =
0.02). The results from the United States and Japan suggest that chair moving
maps onto differences between individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
We
also analyzed whether chair moving was more likely among particular demographic
groups. Previous studies have found that men score higher on power [(31, 32); p. 953]. There is also some
evidence that men score higher on individualism [(33), in China, (1), the Supplementary Materials; but
see the study of Kitayama et
al. (12), p. 243]. The fact that men were
more likely to move the chair is consistent with the idea that this measure is
tapping into a similar underlying concept.
Perhaps
the most obvious validity check is to compare employees and civilians.
Employees are in charge of the store and should feel like they have the
authority to move the chairs. The finding that employees were five times more
likely to move the chair supports the notion that chair moving taps into
control over the environment.
Finally, we compared rates of chair moving to a measure of the
importance of the self from a previous study of regional differences in China (1). That study used the sociogram
task, in which participants draw circles to represent the self and friends.
Researchers then measured the size of the circles to see whether people draw
the self bigger than they draw friends. Participants from areas that scored
higher on self-inflation were more likely to move the chair (γ = 2.21, P < 0.001, rcity-level = 0.99, rind-level = 0.23). This suggests
that chair moving has convergent validity with other measures used to measure
cultural differences.
DISCUSSION
Two
studies found evidence that historical subsistence styles can explain
meaningful regional differences in people’s everyday behavior in China. Modernization
differences did not account for the differences—if anything, the wealthier
cities (the rice areas) were less individualistic. The fact that these
differences appeared among mostly middle-class city people suggests that
rice-wheat differences are still alive and well in modern China.
Replication and limitations. This study also serves as a
conceptual replication of the laboratory study using entirely different outcome
measures (34). Observational studies have
inherent limitations. We cannot always know whether sitting alone or moving a
chair taps into individualism, and we cannot guarantee that minor differences
in the environment across cities affected the results.
However, when viewed with the previous laboratory study as a
whole, the results here suggest that the rice and wheat regions of China are
different and that these differences are not artifacts of particular laboratory
tests. Measuring concrete behaviors is important because cultural psychologists
have found that nations’ self-reports on questionnaires do not always match
their behavior (14). Concrete behavioral measures such
as these provide an alternative to using self-report questionnaires to measure
cultural differences—a method that researchers have frequently criticized (10–12).
Rice farming and
modernization. This study extended the rice theory by including Hong Kong. Hong
Kong is particularly interesting because it has a history of British influence
and it is far wealthier than the Mainland cities. However, few people in Hong
Kong moved the chair or sat alone. These data suggest that modernization does
not inevitably cause people to behave like Westerners—much as modern, wealthy
nations, such as Singapore and Japan, still score much lower on individualism
than Western countries (35). The results here suggest that
these differences extend from self-report surveys into whether people are
sitting alone in Starbucks.
METHODS
Sitting alone
In
an effort to standardize the observations, observers followed several rules.
Only seated patrons counted; people standing in line did not count unless they
later joined someone sitting. Foreigners were not counted. Although this is not
always easy to determine, the observers used appearance and the language that
people were using (if they were talking). Each location could only be observed
once per day to avoid counting the same people twice. People sitting outside
were only counted if they had purchased something; this excludes people who
were using outdoor chairs as a place to sit without buying anything.
The
observers plotted routes based on the locations of Starbucks and visited any
nearby cafes. We defined cafes as places that serve coffee or tea and where
most patrons are drinking beverages and eating light snacks. If many patrons
were drinking alcohol or eating meals, the store was not counted.
In
most cases, it was easy to determine who was alone and who was together with
other people. However, particularly in cafes that were crowded or had shared
tables, people sat near each other, and it was not always clear whether they
were together. In these cases, the observers lingered to look for signs that
people were together, such as talking to each other.
Statistical power. According to Cohen’s effect
for small effect size (Cohen’s d=
0.2), the sitting alone sample had more than 99% statistical power. Thus,
instead of aiming for a specific sample size, we sampled to try to ensure that
time of day and day of the week were similar across sites.
Reliability. To test how reliable the
observations were, three observers independently coded 447 people in 12 cafes
in Beijing at the same time. Across coders, the percentage of people alone per
cafe correlated almost identically (rs ≥ 0.99). Two coders
also tested for reliability in the rice region by independently coding 251
people in 10 stores in Shanghai. The percentage of sitting alone per cafe was
nearly identical (r >
0.99). These results suggest that coders agree on who is alone and who is with
other people in the vast majority of cases.
Chair moving
Checking sample
comparability. Rice and wheat sites did not differ in the age, gender, or
employee status of participants (P’s
> 0.73). Controlling for time of day and day of the week, people in the rice
areas were more likely to be walking in groups (14% versus 30%, P < 0.001). This data
point supports the finding from Study 1 that people in the wheat area are more
likely to be alone.
Observation rules. Two observers followed several
rules to standardize the observations. In setting up the chair trap, the
observers tried to be stealthy so that the other patrons would not know that we
were testing their behavior. The observers used only lightweight wooden chairs,
never heavy plush chairs or high metal stools. These heavier chairs would be
much harder for people to move. In each case, the observer moved the chairs to
the width of his hips to ensure that the chairs were always the same distance
apart. In case body size differences between the observers might affect the
results, we ran analyses controlling for the observer.
If
a person moved the chairs, the observers repositioned the chairs to the
standard distance and did not count anyone who walked through the moved chairs
while they were farther apart than the standard distance. Sometimes, other
patrons would sit down in one of the empty chairs. When this happened, the
observers stopped coding until they could find alternate chairs or until the
person left.
If someone walked through the chair trap more than once, the
observers only coded the first time. The observers only set traps in places
that did not require the chairs to be moved too far from their original
position. All traps were set indoors.
Statistical power. According to Cohen’s
convention for small effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.2), the chair moving sample had 96%
statistical power. We sampled to ensure that both coders visited rice and wheat
cities and sampled for at least 2 days in each city.
Reliability. Two observers first trained
together in two Starbucks to make sure that their procedures were the same.
Next, the two observers independently coded the same people at two Starbucks to
test whether their observations were reliable. The two coders agreed on all
cases of whether the chairs were moved or not. All control variables were
identical except for one observation, where one observer recorded two people
and the other coder thought the second observation was the same person who had
crossed previously. The Supplementary Materials include analyses with the
observer as a predictor variable and find that it is not related to chair
moving (P =
0.854). Thus, the results suggest that the codings were reliable across
observers.
Validity checks: Psychological measures. As a validity check, we ran
the chair trap in Beijing and approached 42 cafe goers who did or did not move
the chair. They then completed paper-and-pencil tasks measuring cultural
thought style, internal versus external locus of control, self-efficacy, and
demographics.
To
measure cultural thought style, the triad categorization task had participants
categorize objects that can be paired on the basis of abstract category (for
example, train and bus) or relation/use (train and tracks). Previous research
found that people in East Asia and the rice areas of China choose more
relational pairings than people from the West and wheat areas of China (1, 36).
Participants also completed a five-item version of the locus of
control scale (37). Participants chose from competing
statements that endorse the idea that outcomes in their life are determined by
their own control or by external forces. Researchers had found that people in
the United States and Western Europe score higher on internal locus of control
than people in China and Hong Kong (38). Participants also completed a
five-item scale measuring self-efficacy (39), which prior research found was
higher in the United States than in Japan and Hong Kong (40).
Statistical analysis
We used binomial (alone or
not/moved chair or not) HLMs using the GLMER function in the program R. We
present results for models nesting people in cities, districts, or stores
depending on the predictor variable. Fully nested models with stores nested in
districts nested in cities are in tables S10 and S11.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
fig.
S1. Sample chair trap in a Starbucks in Shanghai.
table
S1. Are people in international chains more likely to be sitting alone?
table
S2. Rice-wheat differences controlling for international chain.
table
S3. Sitting alone and GDP.
table
S4. Sitting alone and district-level data.
table
S5. Basic predictors of chair moving.
table
S6. City and district census predictors of chair moving.
table
S7. International comparison of chair moving.
table
S8. How well do other major theories of culture predict sitting alone?
table
S9. How well do other major theories of culture predict chair moving?
table
S10. Sitting alone models with stores nested in districts nested in cities.
table
S11. Chair moving models with stores nested in districts nested in cities.
table
S12. Chair moving models with stores nested in districts nested in cities.
section
S1. Rice statistics
section
S2. Chair moving
section
S3. Controlling for observer
section
S4. Hong Kong GDP per capita
section
S5. Age in districts
section
S6. Calculating effect sizes in GLMER
section
S7. Graphing mean percent sitting alone
section
S8. GDP per capita
section
S9. Alternative predictors
section
S10. Chair moving validity checks
section
S11. Ethics statement
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license,
which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the
resultant use is not for
commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.
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Acknowledgments: We thank L. Hu for help in collecting data
around China and L. Wei and X. Dong for collecting the area-level data. We also
thank T. Wilson, G. Clore, N. Epley, and J. Kluver for helpful feedback on
earlier versions of this work. These studies were carried out in accordance
with ethical and Institutional Review Board guidelines. Funding: This research was supported by a
Fulbright Scholarship and a William Ladany Award (to T.T.). Author contributions: T.T. conceived the
project and analyzed the data. All authors contributed to designing the data
collection process and writing the paper. Competing
interests: The authors declare that they have no competing
interests. Data and materials availability: All
data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the paper
and/or the Supplementary Materials. Original data and analysis scripts are
available via the Open Science Framework and upon request from the first
author.
·
Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights
reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of
Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a
Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
View Abstract
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April 26, 2018 7:08 am
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In China, coffee shop habits show cultural
differences tied to farming
Even among
longtime city folk, legacy of rice versus wheat agriculture affects behavior
BY
2:22PM, APRIL 25, 2018
GROWING
CULTURES China’s southern rice farmers (left) and northern wheat
farmers (right) have cultivated different cultural approaches to social
behavior over thousands of years. These approaches manifest today among
southern and northern Chinese city folk patronizing Starbucks, scientists say.
T. TALHELM (L), RICHARD AMMERMAN (R)
Deeply ingrained
cultural differences in everyday behavior between natives of northern and
southern China bubble up while sipping coffee in Starbucks and other cafés.
How close people sit
and whether they dodge or move chairs blocking aisles reveals whether their cultural roots go back to
rice farming in southern China or wheat farming in northern China, researchers
report April 25 in Science
Advances.
As many as 9,000 years
of neighboring families working together to cultivate rice paddies in southern
China has encouraged a lasting focus on others over self, even among that
region’s city folk today, say psychologist Thomas Talhelm and colleagues.
Social interdependence remains a cultural value of the region, the
investigators note.
That dynamic plays out
in coffee shops. Middle-class city dwellers in southern China who have never
farmed rice often sit with others and show deference by walking around chairs
blocking aisles, Talhelm’s group says. In northern cities, people more often
sit alone and move offending chairs out of the way. A long history of more
individualistic wheat and millet farming in the north has promoted a focus on
self over others, the scientists propose.
“Different agricultural
legacies have given northern and southern China distinctive cultures of social
behavior, even among people who have left farming behind,” says Talhelm, of the
University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business.
A lingering sense of
interdependence among residents of southern Chinese cities, including Hong
Kong, challenges the idea that urban expansion inevitably results in an
individualistic, Westernized outlook, he adds.
The new findings make a
good case that “vestiges of agricultural practices can persist for some time,”
says psychologist Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia in
Charlottesville, who did not participate in the experiments.
Talhelm’s group
previously observed similar ways in which thinking styles differ between southern and
northern Chinese in lab experiments (SN:
6/14/14, p. 11).
TIGHT SQUEEZE Chinese Starbucks customers were more likely to
navigate through aisle-blocking chairs (demonstrated here) in southern cities,
whereas people in northern cities more often moved chairs out of the way. These
results point to farming-based cultural differences between the regions,
researchers say.
T. TALHELM
This time around, the researchers observed nearly 9,000 people in
256 Starbucks and other cafés in six Chinese cities — Beijing and Shenyang in
the north and Shanghai, Guangzhou, Nanjing and Hong Kong in the south.
On weekdays, about 30
to 35 percent of people in northern wheat regions sat alone, versus around
roughly 25 percent of people in southern rice regions. On weekends, percentages
of people sitting alone dipped slightly in each region.
Other factors,
including outside temperatures, kind of café (a large chain versus a smaller
local one), gender and age did not explain regional disparities in sitting
alone, the team says.
In a second real-world
experiment, members of Talhelm’s team stealthily pushed chairs together to
block aisles in a total of 29 Starbucks in both regions. The team then observed
678 people navigating these “chair traps.”
People in a
self-oriented culture often try to change a situation to their advantage,
whereas people in an others-oriented culture typically change themselves to fit
the situation, other research suggests. Consistent with that pattern, only
about 6 percent of Chinese people in southern rice regions moved Starbucks
chairs out of the way rather than squeezing through them, versus about 16
percent of the caffeine crowd in northern wheat regions. Chair moving reached a
low of about 2 percent in the southern city of Shanghai.
A majority of people
throughout China avoided moving chairs blocking their way, Talhelm
acknowledges. But cultural differences in this behavior emerged in a setting
where it wouldn’t be expected to show up — an international coffee chain
located in large cities where few customers have any farming experience.
Further research needs
to examine whether the extent of one’s commitment to, say, a self-orientation
observed more frequently in China’s wheat regions, largely explains preferences
for sitting alone or moving an inconvenient chair, Talhelm says.
Sustainable
Concrete from Coconut, Rice or Cassava
25
April 2018
14:20
BAM scientists are investigating to what extent
vegetable substances could be used instead of chemical or mineral additives in
concrete – creating a solution that is strong and sustainable at the same time.
BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung) will
presents its solutions developed in cooperation with African colleagues at the
Hannover Messe. In fact, many ideas for basic research on sustainable concrete
come from German-African cooperations.
Concrete production requires a lot of energy and produces large
amounts of climate-damaging carbon dioxide because cement clinker must be
burned at very high temperatures and the chemical reaction is accompanied by
high carbon emissions.
Cement clinker used as a binder in concrete is an essential
component of cement. Therefore, the reduction of cement clinker is a starting
point in the search for sustainable concrete: Which organic substances could
replace clinker or use it more effectively and in such a way that important
concrete properties e.g. flow behaviour, strength or durability remain
unaffected?
Expand
Coconut fibres, acacia juice or cassava peel
"We are experimenting with coconut fibres, acacia juice and
cassava peel, among other things, and check the resilience of organic concrete
compared to conventional mixtures," explained Dr. Wolfram Schmidt from
BAM’s Technology of Construction Materials division. Suggestions about which
vegetable substances are worth experimenting with often result from
cooperations with African colleagues. One tip that came from Nigeria is
cassava.
Cassava, also called manioc, is a staple food in the West
African country, which is the largest producer of this plant worldwide. Its
starchy tuber is edible, but the residual peel occurs in large amounts.
Concrete is a building material that is in high demand in Nigeria, and readily
available raw materials are sought for its production.
Cassava peel is a suitable raw material for concrete in two
respects: The residual starch adhering to the peel can be extracted and used as
an additive to improve processing properties of concrete so that cement can be
used more effectively.
When the peel is subsequently burned, the high reactive silica
content enables the ash to be used as a sustainable cement substitute and
improve the eco-balance compared to conventional concrete.
Thus, chemical additives and mineral cement substitutes can be
obtained simultaneously.
The use of cassava peel has yet another advantage: Combustion
energy released in ash production can be used to manufacture bricks for
example.
Learning from Africa
Though no cassava grows in Germany, the construction industry is
also looking for possible new, sustainable raw materials for concrete production
here and in other Western countries as well. "We will be able to transfer
a lot to highly technical countries from our basic research and experience
gained by working with our African partners," said Wolfram Schmidt.
Vegetable components may even replace chemical additives in high-performance
concrete in the future. Sustainable use of agricultural residues in the
construction industry would not only be a contribution to environmental
protection but also a potential additional source of income for farmers.
BAM at the Hannover Messe 2018
At the BAM stand C
51 in Hall 2 Research & Technology visitors can receive additional
information about this topic.
For more information
about what BAM is presenting at the Hannover Messe, please visit www.bam.de/hannovermesse_en
Shift to coarse grains from rice for healthy,
environment-friendly diet: Study
- Eating wheat and coarse cereals (such as
millets) instead of rice, pulses instead of meat, and dark leafy
vegetables and coconut could alleviate micronutrient deficiencies cost
effectively.
- With the Green Revolution, the government
focused on high-yield varieties of wheat and rice, leading to a reduction
in the area on which (the more nutritious) coarse cereals were grown
- The Indian government is actively
promoting millets. It has declared 2018 as ‘National Year of Millets’ and
is working to bring in millets into the public distribution system (PDS).
It has also notified some of the coarse cereals as ‘nutri-cereals’.
A diet that moves away from
white, polished rice to include coarse grains and wheat could help Indians
tackle micronutrient deficiencies affordably and cut down greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions associated with agriculture by up to 25 percent, says a new study.
Researchers led by Narasimha D.
Rao, scientist at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis examined
the National Sample Survey (2011–12) for consumption expenditure. They found
that more than two-thirds of the Indian population (around 500 million people)
are affected by deficiencies in protein, micronutrients such as iron and zinc,
and vitamin A.
Data presented in the study
shows that nearly 90 percent of the diets are iron deficient, nearly 85 percent
are Vitamin A deficient and more than 50 percent are protein-deficient.
Micronutrient deficiencies in India are more prevalent than calorie and protein
deficiencies.
In regional trends, the analysis
revealed that India’s south and east (where rice is the staple food) eat less
nutritious food than the wheat-eating north and western part of the country.
Cereals
and Millet at a market in Nizampet, Hyderabad. Photo by
Adityamadhav83/Wikimedia Commons
Micronutrient deficiencies are
worse in urban than in rural areas, and more so, in lower-income households.
Rural counterparts fared better due to greater diversity in their cereal
consumption.
The study determined that
“overall, eating wheat and coarse cereals instead of rice, pulses instead of
meat, and dark leafy vegetables and coconut would alleviate deficiencies cost
effectively.”
The authors recommend a
selection of wheat, maize, and millet products instead of rice; and chicken and
legumes over beef and eggs to boost protein intake.
“These diet changes would also
reduce greenhouse gas emissions, predominantly due to rice production’s high
methane emissions. We are not telling people what they should eat or should not
eat. We are highlighting the creation of incentives for them. Moderation is the
key,” Rao told Mongabay-India.
In general, most emissions-intensive foods are those that
produce methane, which are from ruminant animals (beef and lamb) and rice
production. Methane is roughly 30 times more potent as a heat-trapping gas than
carbon dioxide.
Emissions from beef production in India are over a factor of
three of that in Western Europe and over double that of in the United States,
because of low feed digestibility, poorer animal husbandry and lower carcass
weights, among other factors. Arecent study had shown that Indian livestock
emitted 15.3 million tonnes of methane in 2012.
Methane emissions from rice
production in India, on the other hand, vary
widely due to different cropping patterns and flooding periods,
but on average tend to be on the lower side compared with those of other
rice-growing regions in the world.
Women
working hard to plant the spring harvest of rice paddy in Kancheepuram
district, Tamil Nadu. Photo by McKay Savage/Wikimedia Commons
2018 is National Year of Millets in India
The study comes at a time when
the Indian government is actively promoting millets. It has declared 2018
as ‘National Year of Millets’ and is working to
bring in millets in the targeted public distribution system (PDS). Further, the
Indian government has also notified millets as ‘nutri-cereals’ for
production, consumption and trade.
India’s millet basket includes
sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet as well as ‘minor millets’ such as little
millet, kodo millet, barnyard millet, foxtail millet and proso millet. These
grains are cultivated in resource poor agro-climatic regions such as rain-fed
and less-fertile lands, and mountainous tracts. Many of these areas also have
strong tribal population.
These areas include states of Andhra
Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Telangana.
“The fact that the government is
working on the inclusion of millets in the PDS validates what we are trying to
say in the study,” Rao said.
Study co-author Ruth DeFries,
professor of ecology and sustainable development at Columbia University in
New York, feels the inclusion of millets in the public distribution system
could incentivise farmers to increase production of coarse cereals and could
increase consumption by those who depend on the PDS.
DeFries believes both would be
positive steps. “Research and extension is needed to increase yields of
coarse cereals since they did not receive the same attention as rice and wheat
during the Green Revolution,” DeFries told Mongabay India.
Proso
millet. Photo by Srujan Punna, ICRISAT
Land use change and diets
India relies primarily on
domestic production for cereals that people consume in the country, so the link
between land use changes have a major influence on diets, said DeFries.
In the mid-1960s before the
Green Revolution, millets were cultivated in 36.90 million hectares. With the Green Revolution,
the government focused on high-yield varieties of wheat and rice, leading to a
reduction of 40 percent in the land area on which coarse cereals
were grown.
In 2016-17, the area under
millet cultivation shrank to 14.72 million hectares, according to India’s
Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare Minister Radha Mohan Singh.
“With decline in the consumption
of nutrient-rich coarse cereals, the availability of nutrients declined in
people’s diets. Moreover, coarse cereals are relatively drought tolerant and
can grow on poor soils,” said DeFries. Thus, coarse cereals are more nutritious
and have higher resilience to climate change.
In other policy lessons
suggested by the study, the authors highlight that food policy through the PDS
“appears to exacerbate nutrient deficiencies” in two ways: by encouraging rice
and wheat consumption over coarse cereals, and by enabling only a portion of
households’ rice and wheat consumption to be covered by the PDS.
“This gives poorer households
less flexibility to diversify their diets. Extending the reach and scope of the
PDS to increase the affordability and availability of coarse cereals and dark
green vegetables, among other foods, would be important shifts,” the study
stressed.
Rao considers diet change as a
better option than bio-fortification of rice. “Just imagine if you were to have
iron-fortified rice, you would essentially continue to increase white rice
consumption which would continue the same environmental impacts. So if you want
to address both problems together, diet is the solution,” Rao said.
One major challenge, authors
reckon, in implementing these shifts, could be getting consumers to accept a
diversified diet.
DeFries pointed out the quinoa story that shows that people can and do
change habits. And in India coarse cereals are now trendy for the urban upper
class and are good substitutes for white rice for diabetics, she said.
Coarse
cereals and preparations such as sorghum salad are now considered trendy. Photo
by ICRISAT
Climate-resilient and forgotten crops
According to plant breeding
expert S. K. Gupta, principal scientist at the International Crops
Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), who was
not associated with the study, millets have “an edge” over rice and wheat in
terms of climate resilience. The coarse cereals also have less of
cultivation-related problems when compared with rice. They only need
appropriate levels of rainfall that is well distributed over time.
“Millets have four to five times
more micronutrients than rice and wheat. They are also more drought-, salinity-
and heat-tolerant. Rice and wheat are grown in irrigated ecology whereas
millets are grown in marginal ecologies. Millets can be grown in ecologies that
have annual rainfall of 200 to 600 mm,” Gupta explained.
M. Sheikh, a scientist at the
Srinagar Regional Research Station of the National Bureau of Plant
Genetic Resources, believes that providing greater policy
attention on coarse grains can enhance crop diversity and this “increases
options for quick and agile adaptation under future uncertain conditions.”
Many of these coarse grain crops
also have reduced needs for pesticides and fertilisers and protect against soil
erosion.
“Our studies show that
cultivation of foxtail millet (Setaria italica)
and common millet (Panicum miliaceum) in Jammu and Kashmir were abandoned about five to
six decades ago due to various factors including preference for high yielding
wheat varieties and untimely rains. Revival of these forgotten crops would
benefit both health and climate,” Sheikh told Mongabay India.
Citation: Rao, N. D., Min, J.,
DeFries, R., Ghosh-Jerath, S., Valin, H., & Fanzo, J. (2018). Healthy,
affordable and climate-friendly diets in India. Global Environmental
Change, 49, 154-165.
Pearl
millet is a best bet to fight climate change. A hardy warm-season cereal crop,
which grows in even during harsh climates. Indian women farmer with a bountiful
of pearl millet panicles. Photo by ICRISAT
New health
survey aims to quantify Hurricane Harvey's physical, mental toll
Rice University, the Environmental Defense Fund and the Houston
Health Department announced an information-gathering initiative on Wednesday
that seeks to better understand the impact of the historic storm on
Houston-area residents, including by linking health problems to environmental
exposures.
Marcus
Cossie clears his flood-ruined home in northeast Houston on Saturday, Sept. 2,
2017. Michael
Stravato for The Texas Tribune
The devastation was swift, and the recovery is far from
over. Sign up for our ongoing
coverage of Hurricane Harvey's aftermath. You can help by sharing your story here or
sending a tip to harvey@texastribune.org.
Hurricane Harvey's environmental impact on
Greater Houston was sweeping: The area’s many industrial facilities
emitted millions of pounds of excess air pollution, and floodwater swamped
highly contaminated Superfund sites, carried bacteria into schools, homes and
businesses and left behind prolific mold.
The historic storm, which forced tens of thousands of Houstonians
to flee their homes, also clearly inflicted a heavy emotional toll. But the
precise impact on the population's physical and mental health so far has
been largely anecdotal.
An information-gathering initiative unveiled Wednesday by Rice
University, the Environmental Defense Fund and the Houston Health Department
seeks to better quantify it. The Hurricane
Harvey Registry will collect responses to an online survey
that asks Houston-area residents about where they rode out the storm and their
health condition — physical and mental — before and after.
"This will help researchers predict continuing ailments
from the Harvey floods — and health problems from future storms," Houston
Mayor Sylvester
Turner said at a news conference Wednesday. "Pollutants
released by the floods — mostly at chemical plants and other facilities outside
city limits — may cause long-term health issues."
Rice University Provost Marie Lynn Miranda, the project's lead
investigator, said in an interview that researchers are hearing anecdotal
reports of increased respiratory problems and "the toll of stress among
people who were displaced."
But, she said, "We don’t want to make decisions by anecdote
— we want to do evidence-based decision-making."
Rice researchers and city officials say they will use the
information to target lingering health concerns, pinpoint vulnerable
communities — cross-referencing known pollution releases with reported health
problems — and better prepare for the next storm.
"Without the data, we’re really not going to be as
effective at mitigating health effects," said Rice professor Loren
Raun, who also serves as Houston's chief environmental science officer.
Registry officials are encouraging even Houstonians whose homes
didn't flood during Harvey to respond to the survey.
The National Institutes of Health, the Cullen Trust for Health
Care and the Environmental Defense Fund funded the creation of the database.
It is modeled after the World
Trade Center Health Registry, which sought to track the health
effects of the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks, but is also “the first of
its kind to collect information about environmental exposures after a major
flooding event,” according to a news release.
The survey, designed to take no more than 15 minutes to
complete, asks respondents for some sensitive personal information, but
registry officials say that information will be stored on secure servers
accessible only to researchers for Rice's Children's Environmental Health
Initiative and released publicly only in aggregate form.
Respondents can also choose to skip certain questions.
Houstonians without internet access will have a hard time
completing the survey — it's online only — but Environmental Defense Fund
spokesman Matthew Tresaugue said the project team plans to send
representatives to public events to enroll potential respondents and distribute
bookmarks with bar codes and the web address to guide people to the site.
The registry will accept responses on an ongoing basis, with no
cutoff date. But Tresaugue said entities involved in the registry may share
general insights from the survey later this year.
Disclosure: Rice University and the Environmental Defense Fund
have been financial supporters of The Texas Tribune, a nonprofit, nonpartisan
news organization that is funded in part by donations from members, foundations
and corporate sponsors. Financial supporters play no role in the Tribune's
journalism. Find a complete list of them here.
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Read related Tribune coverage:
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FG approves N10.7b for 10 rice mills, N68b for roads
16 hours ago
0 308
Related
Federal
Government approves rice mills, road projects. Above President Buhari, (Right),
VP Yemi Osinbajo and Government Secretary, Boss Mustapha at the Federal
Executive Council meeting today
By Ismaila Chafe
The Federal Executive Council
(FEC) on Wednesday approved N10.7billion for the establishment of new 10 rice
mills and N68.6 billion for road projects across the country.
This was disclosed by the
Ministers of State for Agriculture, Heineken Lokpobiri and that of Power, Works
and Housing, Babatunde Fashola after the Council’s meeting chaired by President
Muhammadu Buhari at the Presidential Villa, Abuja.
Lokpobiri said that the Council
approved the 10 rice mills with the capacity to produce 100 tonnes per day, and
the mills would be managed by private rice millers.
“”Today the Federal Executive
Council approved the establishment of 10 very large rice mills to enhance the
milling capacity of rice value chain in the country.
“”Few years ago it was reported
that this country needs a minimum of 100 large rice mills. As of today we have
about 21 but Federal Government in its wisdom decided that today we
should approve the establishment of 10 at the total cost of N10.7billion.
“”These would be given to the
sector to manage which they will be pay back within a given timeframe as it
would be agreed between the Bank of Agriculture and the Rice Millers,’’ he
said.
According to the minister, the
mills will be located in Kebbi, Zamfara, Benue, Kogi, Bayelsa, Anambra, Kaduna,
Ogun, Niger and Bauchi states.
Fashola disclosed that N64.108
billion was approved for additional work on 43 kilometres part of the Section
one of the Lagos-Ibadan expressway.
According to him, the new
approval is to accommodate the changing factors occurring on the project and
also to modify the bitumen for the road in order to withstand the heavy
vehicles passing through the road.
“”This covers Glover leaves,
pedestrian bridges, toll plazas for that section so as to accommodate changing
nature of that road since conception.
“”So, many new structures,
religious institutions, factories, universities and increased human activities
that have come up along that road.
“”The inherited design didn’t
provide for all these at all. The second section under RCC about 80 kilometres
will come to Council to incorporate similar works including drainage works
e.t.c when we finish procurement,’’ he said.
The Minister also disclosed
that N4.57 billion was approved for Sumaila-Falala-Birnin Bako-Bauchi road,
linking Bauchi and Kano States.
The Senior Special Assistant to
the President on Media and publicity, Garba Shehu, who also addressed the
correspondents on the outcome of the meeting, disclosed that N10 billion was
approved to fight erosion in the country.
“This is the fourth quarter
soil erosion, flood and pollution accelerated intervention projects worth about
N10 billion. These are projects that cover the length and breadth of the
country.” he said
He also disclosed that $460
million was approved to facilitate usage of new buildings located at main
airports in the country, which could not be put to use at the beginning of this
administration.
“”The previous administration
awarded contracts for the construction of new buildings in our major airports
in Lagos and Abuja and nobody can use them.
“”So, government today awarded
a new contract for variation and additional contracts for new passenger and
cargo terminals and a lot of other works to facilitate their usage including in
the case of Lagos and Abuja improvement to enable jumbo aircraft and airbus 380
to be able to land in both cities (Abuja and Lagos).
”The rail terminal will be
accessible from arrival hall in Abuja at the cost 460million dollars,’’ he
said.
The Minister of Water
Resources, Alhaji Suleiman Adamu, revealed that the council approved N93million
for erosion control in Tambuwal Local Government Area of Sokoto State.
He said the council also
approved N1.57 billion as payment for all the outstanding liabilities to the
contractor that executed the Azare-Jere water project which he said was a spill
off from the Gurara Dam pipeline water transfer project.
Paddy,
rice fall on arrivals
CHENNAI, APRIL 25
Heavy arrivals of paddy and rice have dampened prices across
Tamil Nadu and the major urban consumption centres including Chennai market,
say leading traders.
Tamil Nadu is a major market for produce from Odisha, West
Bengal and Gujarat apart from neighbouring Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. But
arrivals in recent weeks have dropped because transactions are down, say trade
sources.
Till a few weeks back, rice prices of new stocks were ruling
steady in wholesale at about ₹38 a kg. But now some of
the fine varieties are down to ₹34-35, while boiled rice
variant fetches about ₹35-36.
Bulk
buying absent
Sales are also down due to holiday season as hostels and other
institutional buyers will not be in the market, according to Amara
Visweswararao, President, Tamil Nadu Food Grain Merchants Association.
Normally, the wholesale market in Chennai which sells about 600 bags (of 25 kg
each) daily around this period sells just about 100-200 bags. Also, traders are
waiting for further drop in prices and rice millers are flush with paddy
stocks.
Price
outlook
Over the last 20 days about 3,400 tonnes of paddy has come in at
Ammoor. This is about 30 per cent more than that in 2016. At Vridhachalam,
during the peak arrival season between January and March about 25,000 bags (of
75 kg) arrived on a daily basis comparable with last year. Fine varieties
fetched up to ₹2,200 a quintal, down about Rs 300 over last year, against an
MSP of ₹1,660.
According to AC Mohan, Secretary, Federation of Tamil Nadu Rice
Millers and Paddy, Rice Dealers Association, open market sale of rice in the
State is estimated at about 91 lakh tonnes (lt) annually. Local production will
account for about 76 lt and the balance comes from other States. For now, the
trade estimates there is a 5-lt surplus in the market with the trade.
Published on April 25, 2018
Nigerian govt approves establishment of 10 new rice mills
Say Nigeria needs a minimum of 100 large mills but now has 21.
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