Riceplus Magazien is a quarterly magazine that publishes research articles including industry realted for the rice sector.It shares global and regional articles on rice.Riceplus Magazine also publishes two digital magazines on daily basis namely Daily Global Rice E-Newsletter & Exclusive ORYZA Rice E-Newsletter for entire global agriculture community.For more information visit on www.ricepluss.com
The “ Basmati Rice – Market Development Scenario ” Study has been added to HTF MI database. The study covers in-depth overview, description about the Product, Industry Scope and elaborates market outlook and growth status to 2027. At present, the market is developing its presence following current economic slowdown and Covid-19 Impact. Some of the key players considered in the study are KRBL Limited, Amira Nature Foods, LT Foods, Best Foods, Kohinoor Rice, Aeroplane Rice, Tilda Basmati Rice, Matco Foods, Amar Singh Chawal Wala, Hanuman Rice Mills, Adani Wilmar, HAS Rice Pakistan, Galaxy Rice Mill, Dunar Foods & Sungold. The market size is broken down by relevant regions/countries, segments and application that may see potential uptrend or downtrend.
“Keep yourself up-to-date with latest market trends and changing dynamics due to COVID Impact and Economic Slowdown globally. Maintain a competitive edge by sizing up with available business opportunity in Global Basmati Rice Market various segments and emerging territory.”
Market Overview of Global Basmati Rice:
The Study covers exploration of all necessary data related to the Global Basmati Rice market. All phase of the market is analyzed thoroughly in the Study to provide a review of the current market working. The estimates of the revenue generated of the market includes opportunity analysis using various analytical tools and past data. To better analyze the reasoning behind growth estimates detailed profile of Top and emerging player of the industry along with their plans, product specification and development activity.
With qualitative and quantitative analysis, we help you with detailed and comprehensive study on the market. We have also focused on SWOT, PESTLE, and Porter’s Five Forces analyses of the Global Basmati Rice market.
Scope of the Report
On the Basis of Product Type of Global Basmati Rice Market: , Indian Basmati Rice, Pakistani Basmati Rice, Kenya Basmati Rice & Other
The Study Explores the Key Applications/End-Users of Global Basmati Rice Market: Direct Edible & Deep Processing
On The basis of region, the Basmati Rice is segmented into countries, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), and market share and growth rate in these regions, from 2014 to 2025 (forecast), see highlights below
• North America (USA & Canada) {Market Revenue (USD Billion), Growth Analysis (%) and Opportunity Analysis} • South Central & Latin America (Brazil, Argentina, Mexico & Rest of Latin America) {Market Revenue (USD Billion), Growth Share (%) and Opportunity Analysis} • Europe (The United Kingdom., Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Poland, Sweden, Denmark & Rest of Europe) {Market Revenue (USD Billion), Growth Share (%) and Opportunity Analysis} • Asia-Pacific (China, India, Japan, ASEAN Countries, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Rest of Asia) {Market Revenue (USD Billion), Growth Share (%) and Opportunity Analysis} • Middle East & Africa (GCC, South Africa, Kenya, North Africa, RoMEA) {Market Revenue (USD Billion), Growth Share (%) and Opportunity Analysis} • Rest of World
NOTE: Our team is studying Covid-19 impact analysis on various industry verticals for a better analysis of markets and industries. The 2020 latest edition of this report is entitled to provide additional chapter / commentary on latest scenario, economic slowdown and COVID-19 impact on overall industry. Further it will also provide qualitative information about when industry could come back on track and what possible measures industry players are taking to deal with current situation.
Global Basmati Rice Competitive Analysis:
The key players are aiming innovation to increase efficiency and product life. The long-term growth opportunities available in the sector is captured by ensuring constant process improvements and economic flexibility to spend in the optimal schemes. Company profile section of players such as KRBL Limited, Amira Nature Foods, LT Foods, Best Foods, Kohinoor Rice, Aeroplane Rice, Tilda Basmati Rice, Matco Foods, Amar Singh Chawal Wala, Hanuman Rice Mills, Adani Wilmar, HAS Rice Pakistan, Galaxy Rice Mill, Dunar Foods & Sungold includes its basic information like company legal name, website, headquarters, subsidiaries, its market position, history and 5 closest competitors by Market capitalization / revenue along with contact information.
There are 15 Chapters to display the Basmati Rice market Chapter 1, to describe Market Definition and Segment by Type, End-Use & Major Regions Market Size; Chapter 2, to analyze the Manufacturing Cost Structure, Raw Material and Suppliers, Manufacturing Process, Industry Chain Structure; Chapter 3, to display the Technical Data and Manufacturing Plants Analysis of , Capacity and Commercial Production Date, Manufacturing Plants Distribution, R&D Status and Technology Source, Raw Materials Sources Analysis; Chapter 4, to show the Overall Market Analysis, Capacity Analysis (Company Segment), Sales Analysis (Company Segment), Sales Price Analysis (Company Segment); Chapter 5 and 6, to show the Regional Market Analysis that includes United States, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India & Central & South America, Basmati Rice Segment Market Analysis (by Type); Chapter 7 and 8, to analyze the Basmati Rice Segment Market Analysis (by Application) Major Manufacturers Analysis of Basmati Rice; Chapter 9, Global Production & Consumption Market by Type [, Indian Basmati Rice, Pakistani Basmati Rice, Kenya Basmati Rice & Other] and End-Use[Direct Edible & Deep Processing]; Chapter 10, Production Volume*, Price, Gross Margin, and Revenue ($) of Basmati Rice by Regions (2020-2027). [* if applicable] Chapter 11, Regional Marketing Type Analysis, International Trade Type Analysis, Supply Chain Analysis; Chapter 12, to analyze the Consumers Analysis of Basmati Rice.; Chapter 13:Market Impact by COVID-19. Chapter 14,15, to describe Basmati Rice sales channel, distributors, traders, dealers, Research Findings and Conclusion, appendix and data source.
Reasons to Buy – COVID-19 is by far the most significant theme to affect the technology industry in 2020. It is effectively a stress test on companies’ ability to cope with extreme shocks. – COVID-19 will test the financial strength of companies. Many companies will not survive this initial phase. Almost all others will suffer a significant fall in revenues. – This report will help you recognize the impact of COVID-19 on the Global Basmati Rice sector and identify which types of companies could potentially value from the impact of COVID-19, as well as those businesses that are set to lose out.
Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Oceania, LATAM, South America, NORDIC, West Europe, Europe or Southeast Asia.
About Author: HTF Market Report is a wholly owned brand of HTF market Intelligence Consulting Private Limited. HTF Market Report global research and market intelligence consulting organization is uniquely positioned to not only identify growth opportunities but to also empower and inspire you to create visionary growth strategies for futures, enabled by our extraordinary depth and breadth of thought leadership, research, tools, events and experience that assist you for making goals into a reality. Our understanding of the interplay between industry convergence, Mega Trends, technologies and market trends provides our clients with new business models and expansion opportunities. We are focused on identifying the “Accurate Forecast” in every industry we cover so our clients can reap the benefits of being early market entrants and can accomplish their “Goals & Objectives”.
Contact US : Craig Francis (PR & Marketing Manager) HTF Market Intelligence Consulting Private Limited Unit No. 429, Parsonage Road Edison, NJ New Jersey USA – 08837 Phone: +1 (206) 317 1218 sales@htfmarketreport.com
The research report on Basmati Rice market consists of significant information regarding the growth drivers, opportunities, and the challenges & restraints that define the business scenario in the subsequent years.
According to the report, the Basmati Rice market is predicted to record a CAGR of XX% and generate lucrative revenues during the forecast period. (2020-2025)
The advent of coronavirus outbreak has resulted in enforcement of temporary lockdowns in order to flatten the curve, which in turn has resulted in business and factory shutdowns, supply chain disruptions, and economic slowdown across various nations.
Basmati Rice Market Growth and key Industry Players 2020 Analysis and Forecasts to 2025
Most of the businesses operating in various sectors have revised their respective budget plans to re-establish profit trajectory in the ensuing years. Thus, the research report offers crucial analysis regarding the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the overall industry remuneration and deciphers strategies capable of drawing attractive gains.
Additionally, the study provides a comprehensive assessment of the market segmentations and evaluates their respective performance.
Major pointers of the Basmati Rice market report:
Effect of coronavirus outbreak on the growth matrix.
Statistical Information such as market size, volume of sales and revenue generated.
Systematic presentation of key industry trends
Predicted growth rate of the Basmati Rice market
Growth opportunities
Evaluation of direct as well as indirect sales channels
Compilation of key traders, distributors and dealers in the overall market.
Basmati Rice Market Segmentations:
Regional spectrum: North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, South East Asia
Market analysis at a country as well as regional level.
Market share, returns amassed and sales accrued by each region.
Growth rate estimations and revenue prospects of every region listed over the forecast period.
Product types: Indian Basmati Rice, Pakistani Basmati Rice, Kenya Basmati Rice and Other
Expected market share in terms of sales and revenue generated by each product type.
Pricing models of all the product types.
Applications scope: Direct Edible and Deep Processing
Volume of sales and revenues generated by each application fragment over the study duration.
Pricing patterns of every product mentioned as per their individual application range.
Competitive scenario: KRBL, Matco Foods, Best Foods, Amira Nature Foods, Tilda Basmati Rice, LT Foods, Hanuman Rice Mills, Aeroplane Rice, Kohinoor Rice, Amar Singh Chawal Wala, Sungold, Adani Wilmar, Dunar Foods, HAS Rice Pakistan and Galaxy Rice Mill
Major competitors alongside their basic information and respective manufacturing facilities are discussed.
Various products and services offered are highlighted.
Information regarding the gross margins, revenues generated, sales, price patterns and market share of each participant over the analysis timeframe.
A detailed SWOT analysis of every company mentioned.
Additional insights such as market concentration rate, commercialization rate, marketing approaches and other business-centric activities are enumerated.
Market segmentation
The Basmati Rice market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2020-2025, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for sales by Type and by Application in terms of volume and value. This analysis can help you expand your business by targeting qualified niche markets.
Research Objective:
Focuses on the key global Basmati Rice Market manufacturers, to define, describe and analyze the sales volume, value, market share, market competition landscape, SWOT analysis and development plans in the next few years.
Trade contributors moreover as trade analysts across the worth chain have taken vast efforts in doing this group action and heavy lifting add order to produce the key players with useful primary & secondary data concerning the world Basmati Rice market
To analyze competitive developments such as expansions, agreements, new product launches, and acquisitions in the market.
To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their growth strategies.
Why to Select This Report:
Complete analysis on market dynamics, market status and competitive Basmati Rice view is offered.
Forecast Global Basmati Rice Industry trends will present the market drivers, constraints and growth opportunities.
The five-year forecast view shows how the market is expected to grow in coming years.
All vital Global Basmati Rice Industry verticals are presented in this study like Product Type, Applications and Geographical Regions.
Key questions answered in the report:
What will the market growth rate of Basmati Rice market?
What are the key factors driving the Global Basmati Rice market?
Who are the key manufacturers in market space?
What are the market opportunities, market risk and market overview of the market?
What are sales, revenue, and price analysis of top manufacturers of Basmati Rice market?
Who are the distributors, traders, and dealers of Basmati Rice market?
What are the Basmati Rice market opportunities and threats faced by the vendors in the Global Basmati Rice industries?
What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by types and applications of the market?
What are sales, revenue, and price analysis by regions of industries?
MAJOR TOC OF THE REPORT:
Chapter 1 Industry Overview
Chapter 2 Production Market Analysis
Chapter 3 Sales Market Analysis
Chapter 4 Consumption Market Analysis
Chapter 5 Production, Sales and Consumption Market Comparison Analysis
Chapter 6 Major Manufacturers Production and Sales Market Comparison Analysis
Chapter 7 Major Product Analysis
Chapter 8 Major Application Analysis
Chapter 9 Industry Chain Analysis
Chapter 10 Global and Regional Market Forecast
Chapter 11 Major Manufacturers Analysis
Chapter 12 New Project Investment Feasibility Analysis
Latest Research Study on Global Rice Syrup Market published by AMA, offers a detailed overview of the factors influencing the global business scope. Global Rice Syrup Market research report shows the latest market insights with upcoming trends and breakdown of the products and services. The report provides key statistics on the market status, size, share, growth factors, Challenges and Current Scenario Analysis of the Global Rice Syrup. This Report also covers the emerging player’s data, including: competitive situation, sales, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are Wuhu Deli Foods (China), Axiom Foods (United States), Wuhu Haoyikuai Food (China), California Natural products (CNP) (United States), Cargill (United States), ADM (United States), ABF Ingredients (United Kingdom), Bharat Glucose Pvt. Ltd. (India), Shafi Gluco Chem (Pvt) Ltd (Pakistan) and Matco Foods Limited (Pakistan)
Keep yourself up-to-date with latest market trends and changing dynamics due to COVID Impact and Economic Slowdown globally. Maintain a competitive edge by sizing up with available business opportunity in Employee Engagement Software Market various segments and emerging territory.
Brief Overview on Employee Engagement Software
Rice syrup also called rice malt is a sweetener which is derived from brown rice. Its process involves fermenting brown rice, breaking the starches down with certain enzymes, and then reducing the substance until it reaches a syrup-like consistency. Broken down rice syrup is basically pure glucose. The rice syrup can be found in many organic and health food products, such as breakfast cereal and snack bars, as an alternative to white sugar, high-fructose corn syrup, and artificial sweetener.
Market Drivers
Inclination of Consumers Towards the Natural Ingredients
Market Trend
Increasing Health Consciousness Among the Individuals
Restraints
Side Effects After Consuming Rice Syrup May Affect the Market
Opportunities
Rising Disposable Income
Challenges
Lack of Awareness Among the People
The Global Rice Syrup Market segments and Market Data Break Down are illuminated below: Nature (Organic, Conventional), End Use (Bakeries, Confectioneries, Beverages, Desserts & Dairy Products, Infant Formulae, Food Services), Raw material (Brown Rice, White Rice), Distribution channel (Online, Offline)
Region Included are: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Oceania, South America, Middle East & Africa
Country Level Break-Up: United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Chile, South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Germany, United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Austria, Turkey, Russia, France, Poland, Israel, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, Singapore, India, Australia and New Zealand etc.
Strategic Points Covered in Table of Content of Global Rice Syrup Market:
Chapter 1: Introduction, market driving force product Objective of Study and Research Scope the Global Rice Syrup market
Chapter 2: Exclusive Summary – the basic information of the Global Rice Syrup Market.
Chapter 3: Displaying the Market Dynamics- Drivers, Trends and Challenges & Opportunities of the Global Rice Syrup
Chapter 4: Presenting the Global Rice Syrup Market Factor Analysis, Post COVID Impact Analysis, Porters Five Forces, Supply/Value Chain, PESTEL analysis, Market Entropy, Patent/Trademark Analysis.
Chapter 5: Displaying the by Type, End User and Region/Country 2014-2019
Chapter 6: Evaluating the leading manufacturers of the Global Rice Syrup market which consists of its Competitive Landscape, Peer Group Analysis, BCG Matrix & Company Profile
Chapter 7: To evaluate the market by segments, by countries and by Manufacturers/Company with revenue share and sales by key countries in these various regions (2020-2025)
Chapter 8 & 9: Displaying the Appendix, Methodology and Data Source
Finally, Global Rice Syrup Market is a valuable source of guidance for individuals and companies in their decision framework.
Data Sources & Methodology
The primary sources involves the industry experts from the Global Rice Syrup Market including the management organizations, processing organizations, analytics service providers of the industry’s value chain. All primary sources were interviewed to gather and authenticate qualitative & quantitative information and determine the future prospects.
In the extensive primary research process undertaken for this study, the primary sources – Postal Surveys, telephone, Online & Face-to-Face Survey were considered to obtain and verify both qualitative and quantitative aspects of this research study. When it comes to secondary sources Company’s Annual reports, press Releases, Websites, Investor Presentation, Conference Call transcripts, Webinar, Journals, Regulators, National Customs and Industry Associations were given primary weight-age. Get More Information:https://www.advancemarketanalytics.com/reports/12133-global-rice-syrup-market
What benefits does AMA research studies provides?
Supporting company financial and cash flow planning
Latest industry influencing trends and development scenario
Open up New Markets
To Seize powerful market opportunities
Key decision in planning and to further expand market share
Identify Key Business Segments, Market proposition & Gap Analysis
Assisting in allocating marketing investments
Definitively, this report will give you an unmistakable perspective on every single reality of the market without a need to allude to some other research report or an information source. Our report will give all of you the realities about the past, present, and eventual fate of the concerned Market.
Thanks for reading this article; you can also get individual chapter wise section or region wise report version like North America, Europe or Asia.
About Author:
Advance Market Analytics is Global leaders of Market Research Industry provides the quantified B2B research to Fortune 500 companies on high growth emerging opportunities which will impact more than 80% of worldwide companies’ revenues.
Our Analyst is tracking high growth study with detailed statistical and in-depth analysis of market trends & dynamics that provide a complete overview of the industry. We follow an extensive research methodology coupled with critical insights related industry factors and market forces to generate the best value for our clients. We Provides reliable primary and secondary data sources, our analysts and consultants derive informative and usable data suited for our clients business needs. The research study enable clients to meet varied market objectives a from global footprint expansion to supply chain optimization and from competitor profiling to M&As.
Contact Us:
Craig Francis (PR & Marketing Manager) AMA Research & Media LLP Unit No. 429, Parsonage Road Edison, NJ New Jersey USA – 08837 Phone: +1 (206) 317 1218 sales@advancemarketanalytics.com
The Reportsweb provides you global research analysis on “Brown Rice Powder Market” and forecast to 2027. The research report provides deep insights into the global market revenue, parent market trends, macro-economic indicators, and governing factors, along with market attractiveness per market segment. The report provides an overview of the growth rate of the Brown Rice Powder market during the forecast period, i.e., 2020–2027.
Rice is one of the significant staple food, devoured over the globe by the greater part of the complete total populace. Rice is delivered and processed all around, yet significant level of absolute rice created is expended in the nations where it is created, yet developing interest in certain zones is driving the universal rice exchange between the districts. The majority of the rice is expended and created in Asia and Central-Asian nations like India, Pakistan and Thailand represents around 90% of world rice creation. Brown rice is the palatable entire grain rice, with its external frame evacuated. Since, brown rice experiences less handling, it is high in healthy benefits when contrasted with entire white rice. With its high nourishment esteem, brown rice powder is considered as sound eating routine for developing children and babies. There has been development in wellness cognizant purchasers. Rising number of diabetic and stoutness patients will build item utilization.
The study conducts SWOT analysis to evaluate strengths and weaknesses of the key players in the Brown Rice Powder market. Further, the report conducts an intricate examination of drivers and restraints operating in the market. The report also evaluates the trends observed in the parent market, along with the macro-economic indicators, prevailing factors, and market appeal with regard to different segments. The report predicts the influence of different industry aspects on the Brown Rice Powder market segments and regions.
The research on the Brown Rice Powder market focuses on mining out valuable data on investment pockets, growth opportunities, and major market vendors to help clients understand their competitor’s methodologies. The research also segments the Brown Rice Powder market on the basis of end user, product type, application, and demography for the forecast period 2020–2027. Comprehensive analysis of critical aspects such as impacting factors and competitive landscape are showcased with the help of vital resources, such as charts, tables, and infographics.
This report strategically examines the micro-markets and sheds light on the impact of technology upgrades on the performance of the Brown Rice Powder market.
Brown Rice Powder Market Segmented by Region/Country: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Middle East & Africa, and Central & South America
Thanks for reading this release; you can also customize this report to get select chapters or region-wise coverage with regions such as Asia, North America, and Europe.
About ReportsWeb:
ReportsWeb.com is a one stop shop of market research reports and solutions to various companies across the globe. We help our clients in their decision support system by helping them choose most relevant and cost effective research reports and solutions from various publishers. We provide best in class customer service and our customer support team is always available to help you on your research queries.
دنیا بھر سے بھوک کا خاتمہ اقوام متحدہ کے 2030 کے پائیدار ترقیاتی اہداف میں شامل ایک اہم ہدف ہےلیکن اب بھی عالمی سطح پر آبادی کا ایک بڑا حصہ بھوک یا پھر غذائی قلت کا شکار ہے۔اقوام متحدہ کے مطابق دنیا بھر میں دو ارب سے زائد لوگ ایسے ہیں جنہیں محفوظ ،غذائیت بخش اور وافر خوراک دستیاب نہیں ہے۔ماہرین کے مطابق دنیا کی آبادی 2050 تک تقریباً دس ارب ہو جائے گی اور ایسے میں خوراک کی کمی ایک بڑامسئلہ ہو سکتی ہے۔ اس وقت دنیا میں تقریباً ساٹھ کروڑ نوے لاکھ سے زائد افراد کو خوراک کی کمی کا سامنا ہے جبکہ اس تعداد میں گزشتہ برس 2019 کی نسبت ایک کروڑ کا اضافہ ہوا ہے۔ کووڈ۔19 سے جہاں تمام ممالک کی معیشتیں بری طرح متاثر ہوئی ہیں وہاں غربت اور بے روزگاری میں بھی اضافہ ہوا ہے۔ماہرین نے یہ خدشہ ظاہر کیا ہے کہ عالمگیر وبا کے باعث غذائی قلت کے شکار افراد کی تعداد میں تراسی لاکھ سے تیرہ کروڑ تک اضافہ ہو سکتا ہے ۔یہ امر قابل زکر ہے کہ ناقص غذائیت سے جڑے تمام عوامل جس میں غذائی قلت ،موٹاپا وغیرہ شامل ہیں ، ان سے عالمی معیشت کو پہنچنے والے سالانہ نقصان کی مجموعی مالیت تقریباً ساڑھے تین ٹریلین ڈالرز ہے۔
ان اعداد و شمار کے بعد اب رخ کرتے ہیں چین کا جو دنیا کی دوسری بڑی معیشت ہے ۔زرعی مصنوعات کی پیداوار کے لحاظ سے بھی چین کو کئی اعتبار سے سبقت حاصل ہے بلکہ اگر یوں کہا جائے کہ چین خوراک میں خودکفیل ہے تو بے جا نہ ہو گا کیونکہ گزشتہ برس چین میں اناج کی مجموعی پیداوار 660 ملین میٹرک ٹن تک پہنچ چکی ہے جس میں سال 2010 کی نسبت بیس فیصد تک اضافہ ہو چکا ہے۔لیکن خوراک میں خودکفالت کے باوجود چینی صدر شی جن پھنگ نے حالیہ دنوں ہدایات جاری کیں کہ ملک بھر میں کھانے کے ضیاع کو روکا جائے اور کفایت شعاری کو فروغ دیا جائے۔انہوں نے کھانے کے ضیاع کو افسوسناک اور پریشان کن قرار دیا۔صدر شی نے واضح کیا کہ اگرچہ رواں برس ملک میں فصلوں کی بہترین پیداوار ہوئی ہے مگر پھر بھی یہ لازم ہے کہ خوراک کے تحفظ سے وابستہ بحران سے آگاہ رہا جائے کیونکہ کووڈ۔19 نے سب کے لیے خطرے کی گھنٹی بجائی ہے۔یہ بات اہم ہے کہ چینی صدر نے کھانے کے ضیاع کو روکنے کے لیے قانون سازی کی مضبوطی اور نگرانی پر زور دیا اور ایک ایسے دیرپا لائحہ عمل کی تشکیل کی ہدایت کی جس سے کھانے کے ضیاع کو روکا جا سکے۔اس ضمن میں خوارک کے تحفظ کے لیے عوام میں شعور بیدار کرنا، ،کفایت شعاری کو فروغ دینا اور ایک ایسا کلچر متعارف کروانا جس میں لوگ کھانے کے ضیاع کو باعث شرمندگی اور کھانے کے تحفظ میں فخر محسوس کریں ،کو اہمیت حاصل رہے گی۔
ایسا پہلی مرتبہ نہیں ہے کہ چینی صدر نے کھانے کے ضیاع کو روکنے کی ہدایت کی ہو ، اس سے قبل کئی مواقعوں پر اُن کی جانب سے خوراک کے تحفظ پر زور دیا گیا ہے۔2013 میں انہوں نے چینی سماج پر زور دیا کہ کھانے ضائع کرنے کی عادات کی حوصلہ شکنی کی جائے۔چینی شہریوں نے بھی اس حوالے سے اپنی ذمہ داری نبھائی اور باقاعدہ ایک مہم "اپنی پلیٹ صاف کریں" شروع کی گئی جسے عوام میں بہت مقبولیت ملی۔ریستورانوں نے بھی کھانے کے آرڈرز میں اس بات کو لازمی بنایا کہ صارفین آغاز میں کھانے کی نصف مقدار آرڈر کریں گے تاکہ کھانا ضائع نہ ہو۔اعداد و شمار کے مطابق چین میں سالانہ سترہ سے اٹھارہ ملین ٹن کھانا ضائع کر دیا جاتا ہے جبکہ بڑے شہروں میں تو یہ مقدار تیس سے پچاس ملین ٹن سالانہ ہے۔سال 2015 میں کیے جانے والے ایک سروے میں یہ بات سامنے آئی کہ چین میں ضائع کردہ کھانوں میں سبزیاں ،چاول ،نوڈلز اور گوشت شامل ہیں۔ہر صارف ایک کھانے میں 93 گرام کھانا ضائع کرتا ہے جبکہ اسکول کیفے ٹیریاز اور بڑے ریستورانوں میں نسبتاً زیادہ کھانا ضائع ہوتا ہے۔
Virus Hit Economy Reviving Fast Under PM Leadership: Economist
3
hours ago Thu 20th August 2020 | 03:06 PM
An economist said on Thursday that
there is a lot of improvement in the overall performance of the government
ISLAMABAD, (APP - UrduPoint / Pakistan Point News - 20th Aug, 2020
) :An economist said on Thursday that there is a lot of improvement in the
overall performance of the government.
Talking in a Radio program, Pakistan economist said the post covid-19
scenario is good and the world has
acknowledged Pakistan's success
in combating covid-19 pandemic.
Economist Mirza Ikhtyar Baig said that the Government has
taken the right decision at the right time adding, Ehsaas program has been a
great help to the poorest segments of the country during the Corona outbreak.
At the other hands, the construction package announced by the Prime Minister of Pakistan proved
to be highly beneficial for revival of the economic activities, he added.
Meanwhile the construction sector will boost the economy and
generate more job opportunities
for the youth.
There are 40 different industries linked with the building industry, he added.
He said Pakistan is an
agriculturist country, while made in Pakistan initiative
will project a good name for Pakistan at the
international front.
Pakistan is already exporting world famous textile brands,
rice and soccer footballs. We have also started manufacturing imports
substitutes locally to save millions of Dollars.
Khadija Mohamed Al-Makhzoumi,
Ambassador of Somalia has said both Somalia and Pakistan have been developing a
fruitful and close cooperation since 1st of July 1960.
In 1969, Pakistan and Somalia were
among the founding members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).
Somalia's relations with Pakistan remained strong in the following years and
through the ensuing civil war period, when the Pakistani military contributed
to a UN peacekeeping operation in southern Somalia.
In 2010, Pakistan tabled a proposal
for United Nations Security Council seats for OIC and Arab League states, the
latter of which Somalia is also a member.
She expressed these views in an
exclusive interview with a local news agency.
She said, Pakistan and Somalia are
active commercial partners, trading a variety of commodities. In 2008-2009,
Somalia exported $34,822.059 million USD worth of goods to Pakistan, with
Pakistan in return exporting $17,781.883 million USD worth of goods to Somalia.
Somalia's main export commodities
to Pakistan centered on the country's livestock sector, and in 2009 included
$3.190 million in raw hides and skins, $1.044 million in raw sheep and lamb
skins, $0.137 million in sheep/lamb skin leather, $0.225 million in raw hides
and skins of bovine/equine animals, and $0.033 million in leather of
bovine/equine animals.
Pakistan's exports to Somalia
during the same year included $53.254 million in rice, $0.627 million in
medicament mixtures, $10.400 million in non-cocoa sugar confectionery, and
$0.20 million in shawls, scarves, mufflers, mantillas and similar garments, she
added.
To a question about Pakistan’s look
Africa policy the ambassador said, Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pakistan has
done well by organizing a conference of the country’s envoys in the African
Continent with a view to deliberating on issues relating to enhanced
cooperation with them.
The move is timely in the sense
other countries of the world especially the United States and China are
focusing more on Africa as its economies are considered as ‘lions on the move’.
African continent is a rising market of 1.26 billion people; it is rich in
mineral resources and is an exporter of energy resources. Pakistan has a lot of
goodwill in the region as the country always championed the cause of the
African countries at UN and remained in the forefront of peacekeeping missions
in Africa.
In this backdrop, it is
unfortunate that Pak-Africa trade is negligible and the country has diplomatic
presence in a few countries alone – thirteen missions to cover 54 countries
(the rest are managed through concurrent accreditation).
Apart from Africa being a huge
potential market for Pakistani goods, the country’s geo-strategic location and
connectivity offers opportunity for African goods to reach Central Asia and
South Asia.
‘As Somali Ambassador to Pakistan,
I consider my role is to facilitate the contacts between the players in the
economic field, to get them to know each other better and also to interconnect
in a better way’.
Ambassador Khadija said a large
number of Somali students are studying in Pakistan in various educational
fields.
‘We are thankful to the people and
government of Pakistan for their continuing assistance to the Somali students
and for your delight some students after graduating from Pakistan have
established an urdu speaking colony in Mogadishu, Somalia.
We are also now thinking to
cooperate in Higher Education and research field’.
Virus Hit Economy Reviving Fast Under PM Leadership: Economist
3
hours ago Thu 20th August 2020 | 03:06 PM
An economist said on Thursday that
there is a lot of improvement in the overall performance of the government
ISLAMABAD, (APP - UrduPoint / Pakistan Point News - 20th Aug, 2020
) :An economist said on Thursday that there is a lot of improvement in the
overall performance of the government.
Talking in a Radio program, Pakistan economist said the post covid-19
scenario is good and the world has
acknowledged Pakistan's success
in combating covid-19 pandemic.
Economist Mirza Ikhtyar Baig said that the Government has
taken the right decision at the right time adding, Ehsaas program has been a
great help to the poorest segments of the country during the Corona outbreak.
At the other hands, the construction package announced by the Prime Minister of Pakistan proved
to be highly beneficial for revival of the economic activities, he added.
Meanwhile the construction sector will boost the economy and
generate more job opportunities
for the youth.
There are 40 different industries linked with the building industry, he added.
He said Pakistan is an
agriculturist country, while made in Pakistan initiative
will project a good name for Pakistan at the
international front.
Pakistan is already exporting world famous textile brands,
rice and soccer footballs. We have also started manufacturing imports
substitutes locally to save millions of Dollars.
How
eating too much rice raises global mortality
By Chukwuma Muanya
20 August 2020 |
4:13 am
*Fried rice CREDIT: Nigerian Food
TV
*Low levels of arsenic in grains can increase risk of dying from heart
disease, cancer, liver disease, study warns
Scientists have found that eating a lot of rice
increases the risk of dying from heart disease due to the naturally occurring
arsenic in the crop.
Rice is the most widely consumed staple food
source for a large part of the world’s population. It has now been confirmed
that rice can contribute to prolonged low-level arsenic exposure leading to
thousands of avoidable premature deaths per year.
Arsenic is well known acute poison, but it can
also contribute to health problems, including cancers and cardiovascular
diseases, if consumed at even relatively low concentrations over an extended
period of time.
Compared to other staple foods, rice tends to
concentrate inorganic arsenic. Across the globe, over three billion people
consume rice as their major staple and the inorganic arsenic in that some to
give rise to over 50,000 avoidable premature deaths per year has estimated
rice.
Meanwhile, a study found Britons in the top 25
per cent of rice consumption are at six per cent increased risk of dying from
cardiovascular disease than the bottom quarter.
The chemical gathers naturally in the crop and
has repeatedly been linked to illness, dietary-related cancers and liver
disease. In serious cases, it can result in death.
A collaborating group of cross-Manchester
researchers from The University of Manchester and The University of Salford
have published new research exploring the relationship, in England and Wales,
between the consumption of rice and cardiovascular diseases caused by arsenic
exposure.
Their findings, published in the journal
Science of the Total Environment, showed that once corrected for the major
factors known to contribute to cardiovascular disease (for example obesity,
smoking, age, lack of income, lack of education) there is a significant
association between elevated cardiovascular mortality, recorded at a local
authority level, and the consumption of inorganic arsenic bearing rice.
Prof. David Polya from The University of
Manchester said: “The type of study undertaken, an ecological study, has many
limitations, but is a relatively inexpensive way of determining if there is
plausible link between increased consumption of inorganic arsenic bearing rice
and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
“The modelled increased risk is around six per
cent (with a confidence interval for this figure of two per cent to 11 per
cent). The increased risk modelled might also reflect in part a combination of
the susceptibility, behaviours and treatment of those communities in England
and Wales with relatively high rice diets.”
While more robust types of study are required
to confirm the result, given many of the beneficial effects otherwise of eating
rice due to its high fibre content, the research team suggest that rather than
avoid eating rice, people could consume rice varieties, such as basmati, and
different types like polished rice (rather whole grain rice) which are known to
typically have lower inorganic arsenic contents. Other positive behaviours would
be to eat a balanced variety of staples, not just predominately rice.
Arsenic occurs naturally in the soil and is
increased in locations that have used arsenic-based herbicides or water laced
with the toxin for irrigation purposes.
Rice is grown under flooded conditions and this
draws arsenic out of the soil and into the water, ahead of eventual absorption
by the plants.
Rice is particularly vulnerable because arsenic
mimics other chemicals the plant absorbed via its root system, allowing the
toxin to bypass the plant’s defences.
Rising temperatures caused by global warming
could cause the amount of arsenic in rice to triple by the end of the century,
a new study warns.
Scientists at the University of Washington in
the US grew rice and replicated various temperatures to mimic growing
conditions under various global warming projections.
Trials were done at the current normal
temperature of 77°F (25°C) as well as 82°F (28°C), 87°F (30.5°C), and 91°F
(33°C) to mimic potential climates by 2100. Plants grown in warmer conditions
were found to have higher levels of arsenic throughout the plant – including
the grains.
MEANWHILE, rice is about the commonest,
cheapest and easiest staple food prepared not only by Nigerian households but
in most parts of the world as well.
Indeed, statistics from the United Nations Food
and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) indicate that half the world’s population
eats rice every day, making the staple a major source of nutrition for billions
of people.
But recent studies have associated the
much-loved staple with rise in chronic and degenerative diseases such as
cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems, depression, developmental problems
in children, heart disease and nervous system damage.
Most worrisome are lung and bladder cancers.While
researchers have found traces of arsenic from old industrial pesticides on rice
grains sold globally, a study reported in the journal PLoS ONE, showed rice has
10 times more inorganic arsenic than other foods and the European Food
Standards Authority has reported that people who eat a lot of it are exposed to
troubling concentrations.
According to the study, the levels of arsenic
in rice vary by type, country of production and growing conditions.Generally,
brown rice has higher levels because the arsenic is found in the outer coating
or bran, which is removed in the milling process to produce white rice.
The study noted that in the short term, the
regular consumption of rice could cause gastrointestinal problems, muscle
cramping and lesions on the hands and feet.
The researchers observed that the risk of
arsenic poisoning is greatest for people who eat rice several times a day, and
for infants, whose first solid meals are often rice-based baby food.
In July 2014, the World Health Organisation
(WHO) set worldwide guidelines for what it considers to be safe levels of
arsenic in rice, suggesting a maximum of 200 microgrammes per kilogramme for
white rice and 400 μg kg−1 for brown rice.
Also, scientists have identified rice as one of
the staple diets that are genetically modified (GMOs). Others include corn,
soy, cotton, papaya (pawpaw), tomatoes, rapeseed, dairy products, potatoes, and
peas.
GMOs are accused of causing cancer, destroying
the environment and storing up devastating health risks for children. Controversies
surround genetically modified organisms on several levels, including ethics,
environmental impact, food safety, product labeling, and role in meeting world
food requirements, intellectual property and role in industrial agriculture.
An online journal, China Daily, reported
potential serious public health and environment problems with genetically
modified rice considering its tendency to cause allergic reactions with the
concurrent possibility of gene transfers.
Scientists including the American Academy of
Environmental Medicine (AAEM) have warned that GMOs pose a serious threat to
health, and it is no accident that there can be a correlation between it and
adverse health effects.
In fact, the AAEM has advised doctors to tell
their patients to avoid GMOs as the introduction of GMOs into the current food
supply has correlated with an alarming rise in chronic diseases and food
allergies.
It has been shown that eating a diet of white
bread and rice could increase the risk of depression in older women, but whole
grain foods, roughage and vegetables could reduce it.
According to a study published in The American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, refined foods cause blood sugar levels to spike
rapidly – prompting the body to pump out the hormone insulin, which helps break
down the sugar. But this process can cause symptoms of depression. The findings
could pave the way for depression being treated and prevented using nutrition.
In a study that included data from more than
70,000 post-menopausal women, scientists found a link between refined
carbohydrate consumption and depression.
Britain’s leading expert on rice and
contamination, Andy Meharg, a professor of plant and soil sciences at Queens
University in Belfast, prevented his own children from eating some rice
products because of the arsenic levels.
Meharg said the current method for cooking
rice, essentially boiling it in a pan until it soaks up all the liquid, binds
into place any arsenic contained in the rice and the cooking water.
By contrast, cooking it in a coffee percolator
allows the steaming hot water to drip through the rice, washing away
contaminants. There was a 57per cent reduction in arsenic with a ratio of 12
parts of water to one of rice and in some cases as much as 85per cent.
Meharg said: “Rice both white and brown are of
good nutritional value. Brown rice especially contains E and B vitamins and
minerals such as iron, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and
zinc.
“White rice is not that good. More so the
processed one that is genetically modified has higher levels of toxins.
“Firstly when you cook rice, rinse properly
when it is warm before full boiling, and drain out the fluid. This will get rid
of some of the toxins.”
Study author Dr. James Gangwisch, of Columbia
University, United States, said: “This suggests that dietary interventions
could serve as treatments and preventive measures for depression.
“Further study is needed to examine the
potential of this novel option for treatment and prevention, and to see if
similar results are found in the broader population.”
White refined foods, known as ‘bad carbs’, have
also been said to contribute to obesity, low energy levels and insomnia.
Different from their healthier counterparts, white carbs start with flour that
has been ground and refined by stripping off the outer layer where fibre is
found.
This missing fibre could do wonders for the
body, helping reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes, lower blood cholesterol and
help people feel fuller for longer. Generally, the more refined the grain-based
food, the lower the fibre count. By purchasing organic rice, limiting one’s
rice intake and eating a balanced diet, however, experts suggest that health
issues associated with long-term arsenic consumption can be avoided.
Japan is a small-scale producer of grain, with a relatively large
population, making it an important import customer. Rice remains the most
important part of the national diet.
Japan’s grains production is too small to figure in the
International Grains Council’s (IGC) forecasts. The IGC does put the country’s
total grains imports in 2020-21 at 24.2 million tonnes, up from 23.9 million in
2019-20. The 2020-21 figure includes an unchanged 5.8 million tonnes of wheat
and 16.5 million of maize, up from 16.3 million in 2019-20. Imports of barley
are put at 1.2 million tonnes, the same level as in the previous year.
The country is also set to import 600,000 tonnes of sorghum in
2020-21, up from 500,000 the year before, and 45,000 tonnes of oats, up from 40,000.
The IGC forecasts Japanese imports of rye in 2020-21 at 22,000 tonnes, up from
15,000 the previous year.
The IGC forecasts Japanese rice production at an unchanged 7.4
million tonnes in 2021, with imports at 700,000 and exports at 100,000 tonnes,
both figures also unchanged. Imports of rapeseed in 2020-21 are forecast at 2.3
million tonnes, again the same as in the previous year, with soybean imports at
3.4 million, up from 3.3 million in 2018-19.
In an annual report on the sector dated March 19, the attaché put
Japan’s total maize production at some 2,000 tonnes in 2020-21, on an area of
less than 1,000 hectares.
“Roughly 4.5 million tonnes of whole crop silage corn is produced
on 95,000 hectares each year,” the attaché said.
The Foreign Agricultural Service in Tokyo expects maize
consumption to remain stable in 2020-21 at 16 million tonnes, with 12.3 million
used for food and feed and 3.7 million for seed and industrial purposes. The
attaché expects maize imports at an unchanged 16 million tonnes.
“The United States is the primary supplier of corn to Japan, but
imports from Brazil spiked during Japan’s winter months,” the report said. “A
large, high-quality crop coupled with a weak Brazilian Real paved the way for a
short-term increase of imports from Brazil between October 2019 and January
2020, expanding Brazil’s share of the Japanese corn market to over 70%.”
The attaché forecasts an 870,000-tonne wheat crop in 2020-21, well
down on the previous year’s record 1.1 million, bolstered by favorable weather,
despite an unchanged area.
“This stability is attributable to wheat’s popularity as a
rotation crop or a second crop after rice and MAFF’s support payments,” the
attaché said, referring to the Japanese farm ministry. “Similar to barley, to
incentivize the conversion of table rice production to wheat production, MAFF
provides support payments of 35,000 yen (approximately $335 USD) per 0.1
hectare based on the planted area of wheat in rice paddies.”
The report forecasts food, seed and industrial use of wheat at
5.65 million tonnes in 2020-21, unchanged from the previous year.
“Japan’s population has been decreasing at an average rate of
0.16% over the last eight years and people over 70 now account for more than
20% of the population,” the report said. “Consumers are eating more protein and
fat and fewer carbohydrates, although to date most of the shift away from
carbohydrates has been at the expense of rice.
“Despite these changes, Japanese wheat consumption had been
relatively stable, in part due to increasing numbers of visitors to Japan,
which has welcomed a surge of inbound visitors, steadily increasing each year
from 8.4 million people in 2012 to 31.8 million in 2019, helping to stabilize
wheat consumption.”
Source: US Department of
Agriculture
However, industry sources believe that the Japanese wheat flour
market has plateaued and consumption, driven by demographic changes, is now in
decline, the attaché added.
The report explained the stable forecast by saying that “a
projected recovery in inbound visitors will be nullified by Japan’s continued
population decline and changes in dietary preferences.”
“Most food wheat is imported from the United States, Canada and
Australia within the WTO quota and through the MAFF operated state-trading
system,” the attaché said.
In addition to the WTO quota, Japan established quotas with
reduced markups under the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for
Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the Japan-EU EPA (Economic Partnership
Agreement), and the United States Japan Trade Agreement (USJTA).
“These quotas are not expected to influence total imports as
demand is projected to be flat,” the attaché said. “However, industry sources
are concerned about the wheat supply from Australia due to the ongoing drought
and indicated they may have to seek alternative suppliers for semi-soft wheat.”
Japanese exports of wheat products, predominantly wheat flour,
have been stable, the attaché said, putting the 2020-21 level at 280,000
tonnes.
According to information supplied to World Grain by Takanobu Urata
of the 22 member Japan Flour Milling Association, the country had 74 millers in
2018, compared with 90 in 2013. They produced 4,834,000 tonnes of flour at a
capacity usage rate of 73.6% in 2018, compared with 4,868,000 tonnes at 70.4%
utilization in 2013. The share of the big four millers is 73.6%, while the big
13 have 90%.
Rice trends
The attaché forecasts a 600,000-tonne fall in rice consumption in
2020-21, to 8.25 million tonnes, “as the steady decline of table rice
consumption in Japan continues.”
“According to MAFF, the decrease in table rice consumption has
accelerated since MY 2016-17 and is declining at annual rate of 91,000 tonnes,”
the report said. “The accelerated pace of decline is attributed to population
decline, reduced carbohydrate intake, and a year-on-year increase of table rice
prices since MY 2015-16.”
High table rice prices adversely effect rice consumption in the
foodservice and processing industries as serving portions are decreased to
maintain low prices, it said.
“While total rice consumption continues to decline, some
consumption has shifted from rice cooked at home to ready-to-eat rice,” the
report said.
It also noted that “production of frozen rice has also grown 80%
over the last decade, reaching a total of 178,000 tonnes (product volumes) in
2019.”
Oilseeds output rises
In an annual report, dated April 1, on the oilseeds sector, the
attaché forecast total soybean production in 2020-21 at 235,000 tonnes,
compared to 212,000 the year before, while the rapeseed crop is seen at an
unchanged 4,000 tonnes.
“Driven by the decline in soybean prices, Japanese farmers,
particularly in Hokkaido, have a marginal preference for planting adzuki beans
and other legume rotation crops, over soybeans,” the attaché said. “Soybeans
are Japan’s most heavily consumed oilseed.
“Three large oil crushers (Nisshin Oillio, J-Oil Mills, Showa
Sangyo) produce over 80% of Japan’s edible vegetable oil.”
Biotech and biofuels
Japan remains one of the world’s largest per-capita importers of
food and feed produced using modern biotechnologies, the attaché said in a
March 30 report.
“In 2019, Japan imported 16 million tonnes of corn, 3.2 million
tonnes of soybeans, and 2.4 million tonnes of canola, products that are
predominately genetically engineered,” the report noted.
Japan’s annual biofuel target of 500 million liters (crude oil
equivalent) for the transport sector was reached on time in 2017 and continues
unchanged this year, the attaché said in a report dated Nov. 6, 2019.
“Following a 2018 revision of environmental standards for
bioethanol, Japan began importing ETBE made from US corn ethanol for the first
time in July 2019, but its ethanol blend rate remains among the lowest of
countries with a fuel ethanol program,” the report said.
Iranian customs bans rice imports
as of August Economy
August 19, 2020 - 14:19
TEHRAN - The Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration
(IRICA) has banned any registration for imports of rice as of the beginning of
the next Iranian calendar month of Shahrivar (August 22) until further notice.
As Mehr News Agency reported,
IRICA Deputy Head Mehrdad Jamal Orounaqi told a local radio program that the
plan for the seasonal ban on rice imports, which aims at supporting the
domestic farmers, should have been implemented in the beginning of the current
Iranian calendar month (July 22) but was postponed to the next month.
According to Orounaqi, nearly
800,000 tons of rice was imported into the country and was cleared from various
customs in the previous Iranian calendar year (ended on March 19).
The official noted that rice
imports have decreased by about 20 percent in the current year, saying: “About
390,000 tons of rice has been cleared through customs, while some cargoes are
still stored in customs.”
According to the Secretary of
Iran Rice Association Jamil Alizadeh Shayeq, Iranian farmers managed to produce
2.6 million tons of rice during the past Iranian calendar year 1398.
The country’s rice production
stood between 2.2 and 2.3 million tons in the preceding year 1397 (March
2018-March 2019) and the increase in the production consequently decreased the
imports of the commodity.
Iran’s annual rice consumption
stands at about three million tons. That means nearly 400,000 tons of the
product is required to be imported into the country, according to Shayeq.
However, customs data show that
nearly 700,000 tons of rice was imported into the country in the first quarter
of the previous year (March 21-June 21, 2019).
More than 90 percent of Iran’s
rice is produced in the northern provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, and less
than 10 percent of the commodity is produced in the provinces of Isfahan, Ilam,
Kurdistan, Khouzestan and so on.
Based on official statistics,
over 620,000 hectares of the country’s agricultural lands are under rice
cultivation, of which 520,000 hectares are in Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan
provinces.
CANE
FARMERS ARE BEING URGED TO PLANT RICE SINCE 83% OF LOCALLY CONSUMED RICE IS
IMPORTED.
Cane farmers are being urged to
plant rice since 83% of locally consumed rice is imported.
Speaking during the Rice Field Day
in Nawaicoba, Nadi Agriculture Minister Dr Mahendra Reddy says on average Fiji
spends $42.6m on rice imports.
“Fiji was 66%
self-sufficient in rice now 17% so we have gone down substantially from 66% to
17%, we want to go back up. I want to go back to 80% or 90% and we can do it.”
Dr Reddy says cane farmers can
greatly assist the rice industry in achieving self-sufficiency and at the same
time earn extra cash.
He suggests small portions of cane
land can be used to plant rice.
The latest developments in rice variety development, weed
management and furrow irrigation will be highlighted by Southeast Missouri
State University and University of Missouri faculty at the Missouri Rice
Research and Merchandising Council’s (MRC) annual Rice Field Day Aug. 20.
This year’s event will take place
virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and researchers have prepared a series
of online presentations that focus on research being conducted across
southeastern Missouri.
Rice Field Day, which will be hosted on missouririce.com, is a chance for the rice producers of Missouri and
their colleagues in Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas to collaborate
using science and technology to provide new rice varieties, said Dr. Michael
Aide, Southeast soil scientist.
It is also a chance for rice
producers to improve technologies that maintain an abundant supply of low-cost
and high nutritious rice for American consumers and foreign markets, he said.
“Emerging technologies include
real-time crop monitoring using unmanned aerial vehicles to rapidly detect
plant stress, water management, weed management, soil fertility and market
conditions,” Aide said. “Missouri rice is a $250 million investment in the most
southern portion of Missouri which, in turn, supports our local schools, roads
and other infrastructures.”
Topics to be addressed during the
virtual field day are row rice and remote sensing, rice variety development and
potential long grain lines at the first stage of multi-location field testing,
furrow irrigated bed widths, nitrogen fertilization for furrow irrigated rice,
and complete residual grass control in rice.
Aide will discuss the benefits and potential issues associated
with furrow irrigated rice, or row rice, which is an increasing practice among
producers of Missouri and Arkansas. There are several advantages to row rice
including reduce water pumping and field preparation costs, reduced labor, and
reduced energy usage, he said.
“Row rice shows great promise; many producers are very happy
with it,” Aide said.
Southeast rice breeder Dr.
Christian De Guzman will discuss rice variety development and the potential
long grain lines at the first stage of multi-location field testing trials
which are being conducted in the Missouri communities of Fisk, Morehouse,
Campbell and Neelyville.
De Guzman’s presentation will
also include information about rice breeding for abiotic stress tolerance —
specifically heat, aerobic germination and seedling flood tolerance.
After extreme heat caused
Missouri rice yields to decline several years ago, De Guzman began developing a
heat-tolerant variety capable of producing significant yield that will be
available soon. In all the lines tested, De Guzman said the effects of heat
reduce yields, or spikelet fertility, by about 20%.
Anaerobic germination and
seedling flood tolerance trials are being tested now in Southeast’s greenhouse,
De Guzman said, in response to the problems breeders encounter when newly
planted lines see too much rain right away.
Field trials will begin once
researchers have collected enough data from these tests, he said.
Along with Aide and De Guzman in Southeast’s Department of
Agriculture, Rice Field Day speakers will include Johanna Nelson, research
specialist with the University of Missouri; Dr. Gene Stevens, agronomy
extension professor with the University of Missouri Fisher Delta Research
Center; Dr. David Reinbott, agriculture business program with the University of
Missouri Extension, Southeast Region; and Dr. James Heiser, senior research
associate with the University of Missouri Fisher Delta Research Center. Videos
from the Aug. 20 event will be available at missouririce.com.
The Missouri Rice Council hosts
the annual Missouri Rice Field Day with support from Southeast Missouri State
University and the University of Missouri Fisher Delta Research Center. In
2021, organizers plan to resume Rice Field Day in a face-to-face format to
showcase the latest technologies and get feedback from rice producers in
person, Aide said.
The way these
ordinances have been pushed through in haste, bypassing full deliberations in
Parliament, when we are battling the pandemic and the economic slowdown, is
disquieting. Instead of nudging the states through a model draft or
consultations, the Centre has taken the ordinance route on the subject of
agriculture, thus eroding the federal system of the country.
SHARE
ARTICLEPosted:Aug 20, 2020 06:39 AM (IST)
Fair play: Any person found
purchasing agricultural produce at below the MSP should be made liable for
criminal prosecution.
Bhupinder
Singh Hooda
Former
Haryana CM
The
three ordinances promulgated by the Union government in June and touted as
structural reforms for transforming the agricultural sector have triggered a
maelstrom of protests by the farmers of Punjab, Haryana and other parts of the
country. Myriad farmers’ organisations and unions have strongly opposed these
ordinances, even though the purported aim of these reforms is to help the
farmer get a more remunerative price for crops by unshackling the agricultural
markets through barrier-free inter-state and intra-state agri-trade; by giving
the farmers and the traders the freedom of choice in the sale and purchase of
agricultural produce outside the market premises or mandis; and, by a more
informed decision through the digital platform of e-markets and global markets.
The
attractive package and media hype around these ordinances have failed to hide
the insidious anti-farmer bias. The grim reality is that through these
ordinances, the Union government has sought to facilitate the corporate sector
— exporters, aggregators, processors, wholesalers, large retailers and
suppliers in the value addition chain — all persons with deep pockets. A
centralised ‘one nation, one market’ is sought to be created in the country,
which will divest the farmer of a level playing field by eroding the safety net
of MSP (minimum support price) and other checks and balances.
The
common thread running through the Farmers’ (Empowerment and Protection)
Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Ordinance, and the Farmers’
Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Ordinance is that these
two seek to deregulate the agricultural markets in the country by diluting the
provisions of the Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees Act (APMCA),
removing inter-state barriers on the sale of crops as also the intra-state
stipulation of sale of crops within the marketing yards or mandis designated
under the APMCA. Both ordinances exempt agricultural transactions in the trade
area outside the purview of the APMCA from market fee, cess or any charge
levied under this Act or any other state law.
The
dispute redressal mechanism under the two ordinances provides for a
conciliation process, the local SDM being the first port of call to resolve the
dispute and revisional/appellate jurisdiction vesting with the senior officers
of the government. It has been envisioned to do away with the system of intermediaries
called arhtiyas or commission agents. This will pave the way for withering away
of marketing yards or mandis set up under APMCA, as in traditional mandis;
market fee and cess would continue to be charged whereas all transactions in
the trade area under these ordinances would be exempt from market fee or cess,
thus creating a huge asymmetry between the two. The traditional mandi system
has stood the test of time, and its crumbling is likely to hurt states like
Punjab and Haryana more, as these have a sound mandi/procurement network. In
2006, Bihar did away with the APMCA. Once the traditional marketing yards or
mandis were out of the picture, unscrupulous traders started fleecing farmers
by procuring crops at rates much below the MSP, wrongly charging the market fee
from farmers and pocketing the same. This is also manifest in the rice millers’
scam in Haryana, where according to media reports, wrong stocks of paddy were
shown, fake invoices were generated by rice millers, keeping the leeway for
making good the short stocks by sourcing an equivalent produce from Bihar and
other states at rates much below the MSP.
The
arhtiya-kisan relationship is symbiotic, the former financing the latter for
farm operations, family functions and other emergent needs. The commission
agent makes logistics arrangements to act as a bridge between the farmer and
the procuring agencies. Dismantling this institution without a better
alternative is problematic. The dispute redressal mechanism provided for under
the ordinances does not inspire confidence as it is silent on recourse to the
courts of law. The latter of the two ordinances is an enabling legislation for
facilitating contract farming. Surprisingly, benchmarking for price discovery
under this ordinance has been linked to the APMCA prices, whereas the contract
farmers supply seed to seed companies at rates higher than the MSP. The case of
Pepsico suing contract farmers of Gujarat for compensation for hefty sums
should be kept in mind in this context.
The
Essential Commodities (Amendment) Ordinance amends Section 3 of the Essential
Commodities Act in order to do away with the stock limits on cereals, pulses,
potato, onions, edible oilseeds and oils except in situations of war, natural
calamity or extraordinary price rise. In India, we have been witnessing a
regularly recurring phenomenon of prices of agricultural produce dipping at the
time of arrival of crops in the marketing yard and then shooting up in the
off-season. As cereals, pulses, potato and onions will be stocked by exporters,
processors and suppliers in the value addition chain without proper regulation,
their rates are likely to fluctuate, hurting the poor consumer the most as
these are part of staple diet.
The
way these ordinances have been pushed through in haste, bypassing full
deliberations in Parliament, when we are battling the Covid-19 pandemic and the
economic slowdown, is disquieting. Instead of nudging the states through a
model draft or consultations, the Centre has taken the ordinance route on the
subject of agriculture, thus eroding the federal system of the country. These
ordinances will weaken the state finances already challenged due to GST. The
government should remove anomalies in these ordinances and bring in a fourth
ordinance guaranteeing the farmer that the crop would be procured not below the
MSP, calculated on the C-2 formula (covering labour, operational, capital,
storage, transport and other incidental charges) in the Swaminathan Commission
recommendations. Any person found purchasing the agricultural produce at below
the MSP should be made liable for criminal prosecution in the proposed fourth
ordinance.
WASHINGTON, DC -- Last
week, USA Rice spokesperson and nutrition expert Dr. Julie Miller Jones
testified on the recently released Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee
Scientific Report which will serve as the foundation for the 2020-2025
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA).
Dr. Jones, distinguished scholar and professor emerita of foods and nutrition
at St. Catherine University, spoke via video conference, and focused on three
components of the report: the recommendations for grains (whole,
enriched, and refined), the significance of fortification, and the importance
of respecting cultural-based preferences in the guidelines.
Dr. Jones applauded the Committee's conclusion that whole grains are an
integral part of a healthy diet. She noted that enriched grains provide
important nutrients such as folic acid, and asked that the final DGA clarify
the role of refined grains as a staple food for many cultures that provide
some nutritional benefits.
Her testimony also focused on the role that rice, and rice products, play in
increasing the consumption of certain under-consumed nutrients, and advocated
that iron-fortified rice cereal can help children under two-years-old meet
the new recommendation of consuming foods rich in iron and zinc during the
second six months of life among breastfed infants.
Finally, Dr. Jones talked about the importance of respecting cultural-based
preferences by reminding the Committee that rice provides nutritional
benefits as a staple food for many cultures across the U.S. and the world
that also is affordable and easily accessible.
"The DGA report recommendations are largely positive for rice, and
having an expert like Dr. Julie Miller Jones testify "in-person" on
behalf of the U.S. rice industry is powerful," said Michael Klein, USA
Rice vice president of domestic promotion. "Dr. Jones is a
well-respected voice within the scientific community and her support gives
enormous credibility to the USA Rice recommendations."
Publication of the final version of the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines
for Americans is expected later this year or in early 2021.
In the fresh orders to District Agriculture Officers of the state on
Tuesday, Secretary Agriculture, Kahan Singh Pannu has stated that if after
testing Basmati grains are found to contain the residues of nine pesticides
banned recently, an inquiry will be ordered.
Written by Kanchan Vasdev | Chandigarh | Published: August 18, 2020
11:33:49 pm
Prof Gian Singh, former Economics Professor at Punjabi University,
Patiala, and an expert on farm issues, said that this committee was promoting
Centre’s controversial farm ordinances. (Representational)
Months after Basmati grains from Punjab failed the Maximum
Residual Limit (MRL) test for several pesticides, the government has now
threatened the agro-chemical dealers of the state with strong action following
an inquiry, if the produce is found in the residues in this Basmati season.
In the fresh orders to District Agriculture Officers of the
state on Tuesday, Secretary Agriculture, Kahan Singh Pannu has stated that if
after testing Basmati grains are found to contain the residues of nine
pesticides banned recently, an inquiry will be ordered and if any pesticide
dealer is found to have sold the banned pesticide to farmers, then action under
the Insecticides Act, 1968 will be taken. The Act provides for cancellation of
licence, and launching of prosecution against the errant dealer which entails a
punishment of three years and a fine of Rs 75,000.
The orders also direct the AOs to not even allow stocking of the
banned pesticides and sensitise farmers that the orders were in their favour so
that their produce gets good price in the international market.
The latest orders come days after Chief Minister Amarinder Singh
ordered the ban on Acephate, Triazophos, Thiamethoxam, Carbendazim,
Tricyclazole, Buprofezin, Carbofuron, Propiconazole and Thiophinate Methyl.
Pannu said, “We want to make sure that Basmati does not get even
the minimum residue of these banned pesticides and the produce gets a good
price in the international market and the produce also finds favour with the
European Union (EU) that had stopped importing Basmati from India owing to the
residue of these pesticides. Now, we will go to the last man to find out who
has sold these pesticides to farmers even though the PAU recommends safer
pesticides.”
He said that the government had been making efforts that there
were no residues of these chemicals but last year despite these efforts the
residues were found in the samples of the produce. Punjab Government Food Safety
Laboratory, Kharar indicated that out of 51 samples, nine samples of rice
contained the residue of these chemicals above the MRL (Maximum Residue Limit)
value.
Similarly, Punjab Biotechnology Incubator Agri and Food Testing
Laboratory, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab; NABL accredited laboratory of
government of Punjab, in its report submitted that seven number of samples were
found to contain pesticide residue in rice above MRL value.
The EU, having 28 countries in the union, had started rejecting
consignments of Indian Basmati a few years ago after bringing the MRL for all
these agro-chemicals, from 0.03 mg to 0.01 mg per kg except Triazophos for
which the MRL is 0.02 mg. This has cost the Basmati growers dear as India’s
four lakh tonnes Basmati export to the EU earlier had come down to 1.85 lakh
tonnes.
The Centre had made a certification of inspection from Export
Inspection Council (EIC) mandatory for Basmati. Many samples had failed the
test last year. This had led to a fall in price of Basmati from Rs 3,700 per
quintal in 2018 to Rs 2,700 per quintal in 2019.
Punjab Rice Millers and Exporters Association had also reported
that many samples got tested by them contained the residue value of these
pesticides much above the MRL values in Basmati Rice. The Association requested
for ban of these agrochemicals to save the heritage Basmati produce of Punjab,
and to ensure hassle free export of rice to other countries. Following this,
the government has taken strong steps.
Exporters have also received big orders for the coming months.
·Written
by Anju Agnihotri Chaba | Jalandhar | Published: August 18, 2020
11:49:01 am
Fetches `34k cr in 2019-20 — highest in 3 years.
Not withstanding the Covid-19pandemic, Basmati rice
export from India, mainly Punjab and Haryana, has seen the highest export in
the past three years, in the financial year of 2019-20. The country has earned
Rs 34,000 crore from this cash crop.
April and May of 2020 have recorded export worth Rs 6,488 crore
because export orders of March of the 2019-20 were extended to April and May
due to the nationwide lockdown announced on March 23.
Exporters have also received big orders for the coming months.
According to data provided by the Punjab Rice Millers Export
Association (PRMEA), the total export of Basmati in 2017-18 was 4 million
tonnes (40 lakh tonnes) worth Rs 26,870 crore while in 2018-19 the total export
was 4.41 million tonnes worth Rs 32,800 crore. This year 4.45 million tonnes
Basmati was exported, fetching around Rs 34,000 crore — an increase of Rs 12,00
crore were witnessed.
“During the pandemic, essential food items, especially rice
export, have registered good growth. Basmati export has almost touched Rs
34,000 crore for the 2019-20 financial year against Rs 32,800 crore in
2018-19,” said Ashok Sethi, a leading exporter of Basmati rice and director of
PRMEA, adding that exporters had orders for over 10 lakh tonnes to be delivered
in February and March, but due to lockdown, March orders were not completed and
extended to April, while Ramadan brought in extra cheer with Middle East
countries ordering more supplies.
“The lockdown had a big impact on shipments as container
movement was halted but exporters managed to ship several consignments to break
the impasse,” said a senior member of the exporters Association.
Exporters said that 60% of the Basmati export had taken place
with three countries including Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Iran also got Indian
Basmati through the indirect way in April and May months.
“The growth would have been even better as Iran being a major
importer of Basmati rice, used to import around 14 lakh tonnes rice from India
annually, but due to the US sanctions, export to Iran got hit,” said an
exporter, adding that though indirectly Iran imported some amount of Indian
Basmati via other Middle East countries.
India’s Basmati export is around 3.75 lakh tonnes monthly but in
April and May month the export 8.67 lakh tonnes (4.33 lakh tonnes monthly)
export was recorded against 7.85 lakh tonnes last year in these two months
which is a growth of around 10%, said an exporter.
Exporters said that the Indian government should have a dialogue
with the Iran government over Basmati rice export keeping the oil issue aside
as under US pressure, India stopped buying oil from Iran which impacted the
Basmati rice export to Iran since last one year.
“The Punjab Basmati rice industry has been in the forefront in
exports since 1981, and now this premium food item is being exported to more
than 100 countries. Punjab and neighboring Haryana have accounted for around 80
per cent of the total export,” said Sethi.
As Pusa Basmati 1121, which is among the high yield varieties of
Basmati, covers major areas in Punjab and Haryana,as it gives 18 to 20 quintals
yield per acre.
“1121 saw phenomenal growth and markets around the world, mainly
in Arab countries, and has also made the route to European, American and
Canadian markets,” said exporter and president of All India Rice Export
Association, Nathi Ram Gupta.
Due to the rejection of some consignments of Indian Basmati by
the European Union a couple of years ago, now exporters and Punjab agriculture
department officials have become quite serious about keeping harmful pesticides
away from this crop, which has a great demand worldwide.
“We are happy that pesticides including Tricyclazole and
Buprofezin, which are widely used by farmers on the crop, are being banned in
India very soon,” said Sethi, adding that the pandemic has given the industry
some break to define new strategies and push hard for controlled use of harmful
pesticides which will boost Basmati export further.
TEHRAN - The Islamic Republic of
Iran Customs Administration (IRICA) has banned any registration for imports of
rice as of the beginning of the next Iranian calendar month of Shahrivar
(August 22) until further notice.
As
Mehr News Agency reported, IRICA Deputy Head Mehrdad Jamal Orounaqi told a
local radio program that the plan for the seasonal ban on rice imports, which
aims at supporting the domestic farmers, should have been implemented in the
beginning of the current Iranian calendar month (July 22) but was postponed to
the next month. According to Orounaqi, nearly 800,000 tons of rice was imported
into the country and was cleared from various customs in the previous Iranian
calendar year (ended on March 19). The official noted that rice imports have
decreased by about 20 percent in the current year, saying: “About 390,000 tons
of rice has been cleared through customs, while some cargoes are still stored
in customs.” According to the Secretary of Iran Rice Association Jamil Alizadeh
Shayeq, Iranian farmers managed to produce 2.6 million tons of rice during the
past Iranian calendar year 1398. The country’s rice production stood between
2.2 and 2.3 million tons in the preceding year 1397 (March 2018-March 2019) and
the increase in the production consequently decreased the imports of the
commodity. Iran’s annual rice consumption stands at about three million tons.
That means nearly 400,000 tons of the product is required to be imported into
the country, according to Shayeq. However, customs data show that nearly
700,000 tons of rice was imported into the country in the first quarter of the
previous year (March 21-June 21, 2019). More than 90 percent of Iran’s rice is
produced in the northern provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, and less than 10
percent of the commodity is produced in the provinces of Isfahan, Ilam,
Kurdistan, Khouzestan and so on. Based on official statistics, over 620,000
hectares of the country’s agricultural lands are under rice cultivation, of
which 520,000 hectares are in Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan provinces.
Early rice production in China
expands 3.9 percent
The
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said on Wednesday that the early rice
production in China saw an expansion of 3.9 percent in 2020 following seven
years in a row of declines. The production came in at 27.29 million tons,
rising 1.03 million tons compared to 2019. The stable rise in the early rice
output was mostly over an expansion in the cultivation area, even though strong
floods in parts of southern China resulted in a decline in per unit area yield,
according to Li Suoqiang, an NBS official. A bumper summer harvest along with a
rise in early rice output gave a solid foundation for stable grain output of
the year, the official said.
To minimize the cost of sample
preparation and genotyping, most genebank genomics studies in self-pollinating
species are conducted on a single individual to represent an accession, which
may be heterogeneous with larger than expected intra-accession genetic
variation. Here, we compared various population genetics parameters among six
DNA (leaf) sampling methods on 90 accessions representing a wild species (O.
barthii), cultivated and landraces (O. glaberrima, O. sativa),
and improved varieties derived through interspecific hybridizations. A total of
1,527 DNA samples were genotyped with 46,818 polymorphic single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) using DArTseq. Various statistical analyses were performed
on eleven datasets corresponding to 5 plants per accession individually and in
a bulk (two sets), 10 plants individually and in a bulk (two sets), all 15
plants individually (one set), and a randomly sampled individual repeated six
times (six sets). Overall, we arrived at broadly similar conclusions across 11
datasets in terms of SNP polymorphism, heterozygosity/heterogeneity, diversity
indices, concordance among genetic dissimilarity matrices, population
structure, and genetic differentiation; there were, however, a few
discrepancies between some pairs of datasets. Detailed results of each sampling
method, the concordance in their outputs, and the technical and cost
implications of each method were discussed.
Introduction
The levels and distributions of
intra-accession (within-accession) genetic diversity in genebank collections
provide invaluable information for diverse purposes, including (a) deciding the
number of seeds (plants) per panicle (ear) and the number of panicles per
accession (or variety) that should be sampled and conserved to capture given
attributes; and (b) serving as baseline data for germplasm management and
distribution as well as monitoring genetic variation and integrity during
conservation and regeneration1,2,3,4. Using limited numbers of accessions and/or agro-morphological
traits and markers in different species, previous studies assessed
intra-accession genetic diversity using morphological and isozymes5, amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP)3,4,6, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)7, inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)8,9, and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers10. RAPD, AFLP, and ISSR markers are currently becoming obsolete
for germplasm characterization for multiple reasons, including dominant
inheritance, low reproducibility, low throughput for genotyping thousands of
collections conserved at most genebanks, low marker density (genome coverage),
poor resolution associated with the size-based fragment analysis system, and
difficulty in merging multiple datasets generated by different collaborators or
labs11. SSR markers are codominant and more reproducible, with better
genome coverage than AFLP, RAPD and ISSRs; however, they are not well suited
for large-sale characterization of genebank collections, primarily due to lower
throughput, high genotyping cost, and difficulty in merging genotypic data
generated by multiple collaborators or labs due to their ability in detecting
multiple alleles, stuttering, and addition or omission of a nucleotide during
polymerase chain reaction (± A) that causes ambiguity in automated fragment
analysis systems using capillary DNA sequencers12,13,14.
The availability of low-cost
next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies that generate high-density
genome-wide SNPs is providing genetic resource scientists tremendous
opportunities to enhance the quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of
genebank operations15,16. These include germplasm curation17; generation of high-density reference genotypic data18 and molecular passport data19; gene discovery using genomewide association studies and
selective sweep analysis18,19,20,21,22; understanding the genetic profiles of the entire collection19,23; identifying redundant collections and creating subsets of
genetically unique accessions for genetic and breeding studies19,24,25; and correcting mislabeled, taxonomically misclassified and/or
misidentified collections26,27. Using GBS, for example, nearly 33% of the 22,626 barley
accessions at the Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research’s
(Gatersleben, Germany)19 and 50% of the 1,143 accessions of a wild relative of
wheat (Aegilops tauschii)17 were found to be potential duplicates.
Recently, our team at the
AfricaRice center implemented a pilot study to characterize 4,115 rice
accessions representing Oryza barthii A. Chev., O.
glaberrima Steud. (African rice) and O. sativa L.
(Asian rice) using DArTseq technology28. The DArTseq-based SNPs were highly useful for a wide range of
purposes, including (1) understanding the genetic diversity, population
structure, and genetic differentiation among African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.)
collections, and developing core and minicore sets25; (2) developing species- and subspecies-diagnostic SNP markers
to minimize misclassification, misidentification and mislabeling errors during
germplasm acquisition and routine genebank operations26; (3) identifying candidate genes using selective sweep analysis21; and (4) comparing the extent of genetic variation and
relatedness among various landraces and improved intraspecific and
interspecific rice varieties developed by AfricaRice breeders with those
developed by other institutions29. Based on the pilot study, we aim to genotype the entire rice
collection conserved at AfricaRice using DArTseq and use the data to improve
our germplasm curation. We will create subsets of the most genetically diverse
accessions for further field evaluation, gene discovery, trait donor selection,
and pre-breeding, which will ultimately promote the use of the collections in
rice improvement. To reduce genotyping costs per accession, most molecular
characterization studies in self-pollinating species are conducted by randomly
sampling a single plant to represent an accession. This has been the case in
our previous studies and other studies in rice25,30,31, barley19, and wild relatives of wheat17. Single plant samples have provided invaluable data for
assessing inter-accession genetic diversity, relatedness and population
structure in self-pollinating species, but are not suitable for measuring
intra-accession diversity, which forms one of the bases of the current study.
Furthermore, a single plant genotype data may be misleading when the extent of
intra-accession diversity is greater than expected for different reasons,
including a higher level of outcrossing32,33, phenotypic heterogeneity, seed admixture, pollen contamination
and off-types, which is another basis for this study. For example, sorghum
landraces and wild rice showed an outcrossing rates that varied from 5 to 40%32 and from 4 to 25%33, respectively. As a result, there is concern among the genetic
resources scientists that results based on a single individual genotype may not
be comparable with multiple plants per accession, genotyped either individually
or in bulks17.
Bulk segregant analysis34,35 refers to the genotyping of bulks of individuals using
either plant tissue bulking or DNA pooling36. In outcrossing species, the bulking method has been commonly
used for quick and economic genotyping of inbred lines, populations, and
open-pollinated varieties for different purposes37,38,39. In selfing species, however, bulk segregant analysis has been
used primarily for mapping genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated
with target traits of importance in breeding34,40,41,42,43,44. Some researchers have recommended bulking (pooling) method for
characterizing multiple individuals per accession as the basis for evaluating
genetic identity and diversity within accession in self-pollinating species15,17, but this method also has its limitations, including knowing
the minimum number of individuals required in the bulk15, and the sensitivity of the genotyping platforms in detecting
rare alleles due to allele dilution problems38,45. The alternative method of genotyping multiple plants per
accession individually may be ideal for capturing rare alleles and estimating
intra-accession genetic diversity but will increase the genotyping costs per
accession multi-fold. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to: (1)
assess intra-accession and inter-accession genetic diversity in 90 rice
accessions, each represented by six leaf sampling methods (a randomly selected
single plant, 5 plants, 10 plants and 15 plants, bulks of 5 plants and bulks of
10 plants); (2) compare the concordance among the different sampling methods
with respect to species (O. barthii, O. glaberrima,
and O. sativa) and genetic backgrounds of the germplasm (wild vs.
landraces vs. improved); and (3) compare the outputs of the different datasets
and assess if there were cases where one method provided obvious advantages
over the others as well as the cost and technical implications of each method
for large-scale germplasm curation and characterization in selfing species.
Methods
Plant materials and genotyping
This study was conducted using a
total of 1,527 DNA samples from 90 accessions and varieties (all referred here
as accessions) that represented a wild O. barthii (18),
landraces of cultivated species of O. glaberrima (21), O.
sativa subsp. indica (19), O. sativa subsp. japonica
(18), and improved interspecific varieties/genotypes derived from crosses
between O. glaberrima and O. sativa (14)
(Supplementary Table S1). The 90 accessions were part of the rice germplasm used in our
previous studies for the development of species- and subspecies-diagnostic SNP
markers26 and for comparing diversity indices and selective sweeps21. Each accession was represented by 17 DNA samples (Fig. 1) comprised of 15 single plants, a bulk of 5 plants (plants
numbered 1–5), and another bulk of 10 plants (plants numbered 6–15). The
detailed procedures for genomic DNA extraction and SNP genotyping using DArTseq
have been described in our previous study25. Each DNA sample was genotyped with 67,728 SNPs by the DArT Pty
Ltd, Australia (https://www.diversityarrays.com). Three DNA samples had over 70% missing data points and were
excluded from the dataset. The genotype data of the remaining 1,527 samples
were imputed using Random Forest46, which is implemented as “randomForest” in the R package47.
Figure 1
Outline of the DNA (leaf) sampling methods used in each of the
90 accessions. Each accession was originally represented by 15 individuals
(plant numbered from 1 to 15), a bulk of 5 plants (plant #1–5), and another
bulk of 10 plants (plant #6–15).
To evaluate the accuracy of the
imputed SNPs in genetic diversity and population structure analyses, we first
computed identity-by-state (IBS)-based genetic distance matrices from the
67,728 SNPs before and after imputation and compared the two distance matrices
using the Mantel test48 implemented in NTSYSpc v2.149. Because genotyping errors may account for about 1% of observed
differences26,50,51, it is often difficult to consider SNPs with minor allele
frequency < 0.01 as polymorphic sites. For that reason, we filtered the
imputed genotype data using a minor allele frequency (MAF) of 0.01 and maximum
heterozygosity of 0.50, which formed dataset Set-1 that consisted of 15
individual samples and two bulks. In this study, we used heterozygosity for
simplicity to refer both to heterozygosity in the individuals (single plants)
and heterogeneity in the bulks. Eleven additional subsets of data were created
from Set-1 corresponding to all 15 plants individually (Set-2), a bulk of 5
plants (Set 3), another bulk of 10 plants (Set-4), and randomly selected
individuals from Set-2 repeated 6-times (Set-5 to Set-10), 5 plants
individually (Set 11) and 10 plants individually (Set 12).
Most of the statistical analyses
were performed as described in previous studies20,25. Briefly, heterozygosity, IBS-based genetic distance matrices,
and principal component analysis (PCA) were computed using TASSEL v.5.2.5852. The first two principal components (PCs) from the PCA were
plotted for visual examination in XLSTAT 2012 (Addinsof, New York, USA; www.xlstat.com) using species/subspecies and predicted group memberships from
phylogenetic and population structure analyses as categorical variables. The
correlation between pairs of genetic distance matrices was computed using the
Mantel test48 implemented in NTSYSpc v2.149. The HapMap format of each dataset was exported to PHYLIP
interleaved format using TASSEL v.5.2.57, which was then converted to MEGA X53, STRUCTURE v.2.3.454 and ARLEQUIN v.3.5.2.255 formats using PGDSpider v.2.1.1.356. We used Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) X to
compute the pairwise maximum composite likelihood (MCL)-based genetic distance
between DNA samples and accessions, for constructing phylogenetic trees using
the neighbor-joining method, and for computing number of segregating sites (S),
the proportion of polymorphic sites (Ps), Theta (θ), and nucleotide diversity
(π). A site (SNP) was considered segregating if it had two or more nucleotides
at that site; π refers to the average number of pairwise nucleotide differences
between two sequences (samples), while θ was used as another estimator of
diversity parameters based on the number of segregating sites in the samples.
Phylo.io57 was used for comparing pairs of phylogenetic trees
side-by-side as well as for computing Robinson-Foulds (RF) distance58 and number of subtree prune-and-regraft (SPR) distances59,60 between pairs of phylogenetic trees. For such purposes,
Newick files were generated for each dataset using MEGA X and used as inputs
into Phylo.io.
Population structure was analyzed
using the model-based method implemented in the software package STRUCTURE
v.2.3.454 as described in the previous studies20,25,61. DNA samples and accessions with membership probabilities > 60%
were assigned to the same clusters (group), while those with probabilities < 60%
in any group were assigned to a “mixed” group. Analysis of molecular variance
(AMOVA)62 and FST-based pairwise genetic distance matrices63 were computed among and within groups using ARLEQUIN
v.3.5.2.255. Accessions were assigned into 3–5 groups (populations) based
on their species/subspecies, ecologies or group membership predicted from the
phylogenetic and population structure analyses.
Results
Intra-accession diversity
Of the 67,728 SNPs used for
genotyping the 1,527 DNA samples (Supplementary Table S2), the proportion of missing data per SNP and sample before
imputation varied from 0 to 64.1% for single plants and from 4.2 to 61.1% for
bulks, with an overall average of 20.8%. In the initial genotyping data set,
69.1% of the markers (46,818 SNPs) were polymorphic across the 1,527 samples
(Set-1), each with a minor allele frequency varying from 0.01 to 0.050
(Supplementary Table S3). Pearson correlation coefficients between minor allele
frequency and heterozygosity estimated before and after imputation were high,
at 0.983 and 0.998, respectively. The Mantel test performed on genetic distance
matrices computed from all SNPs before and after imputation also revealed a
very high positive correlation (r = 0.987). Hence, detailed results are
presented only for the imputed version of the 46,818 polymorphic SNPs.
We assessed intra-accession
diversity from Set-2, Set-11, and Set-12 that consisted of genotypic data of
15, 5, and 10 individuals, respectively. The percentage of SNP polymorphism,
allele frequencies, heterozygosity, θ, π, and genetic distance between pairs of
individuals belonging to the same accession are used as indicators of
intra-accession genetic diversity. The level of SNP polymorphism across the 90
accessions was highly similar across the different datasets (Fig. 2), which was 99.5–99.7% for single plants, 98.8–99.9% in the
5–15 individual plants, 98.9–99.2% in the bulks (Table 1, Supplementary Table S2). Observed heterozygosity per accession computed from 5, 10 and
15 DNA samples ranged from 0.5 to 25.7, from 0.2 to 12.3% and from 0.2 to
25.7%, respectively (Supplementary Table S1, Fig. S1). Only 11 accessions had observed heterozygosity exceeding 6%
for at least one individual (three accessions in all Set-2, Set-11, and Set-12;
four accessions in both Set-2 and Set-11; four accessions in both Set-2 and
Set-12), which is the expected average outcrossing rate reported in cultivated
rice30,64. The average heterozygosity per accession estimated from all
sets of 5, 10 and 15 individuals ranged from 0.5 to 5.6%, from 0.5 to 4.0% and
from 0.5 to 3.8%, respectively (Supplementary Table S1).
Figure 2
Summary of the percentages of polymorphic SNPs used for
statistical analyses of all accessions (N = 90), O. barthii (18), O.
glaberrima (21), O. sativa subsp. indica (19), O.
sativa subsp. japonica (18), improved interspecific genotypes (14),
lowland O. sativa (30), and upland O. sativa (21).
See Supplementary Table S1 for germplasm summary and Table S2 for details on
the number of polymorphic SNPs for all datasets.
As summarized in Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table S4, θ and π computed within every accession ranged from 0.017 to
0.205 based on 5 plants per accession; from 0.019 to 0.149 based on 10 plants,
and 0.019–0.140 based on 15 plants, which is an indication of a relatively low
intra-accession diversity and more homogenous seed lot within most accessions.
Values for θ and π estimated from Set-2, Set-11 and Set-12 within 90 accessions
were highly correlated (0.967 ≤ r ≤ 0.996) and very low, with 81 of the 90
accessions showing < 0.06 θ and π values (Supplementary Fig. S2, Supplementary Table S4). However, nine O. sativa accessions adapted
to the lowland (WAB0009756, WAB0023634, and WAB0032222) and upland (WAB0007857,
WAB0010251, WAB0013330, WAB0021280, WAB0029923, WABTMP106) ecologies had θ
and/or π values ranging from 0.061 to 0.205 in at least one of the three datasets,
which may be due to broader intra-accession diversity or to errors that might
have occurred during genotyping and/or sample preparation (e.g., seed mix up
during planting, labeling error, contamination during leaf sampling or DNA
extraction). To determine the cause of such unexpectedly large intra-accession
diversity within these accessions, we compared pairwise IBS-based genetic
distance for the 15 individuals in Set-2. Figure 4 and Supplementary Table S1 summarizes the minimum, maximum, and average genetic
distance between pairs of individuals within each accession. Pairs of
individuals belonging to the same accession differed between 1.6 and 41.2% of
the scored alleles, of which 48 accessions differed by ≤ 6% of the alleles of
the 46,818 SNPs. The remaining 42 accessions showed at least a pair of
individuals that differed by > 6% of the scored alleles, which is due to
either greater intra-accession diversity or due to the presence of outliers.
Figure 5 and Supplementary Fig. S3 demonstrates intra-accession diversity of some accessions
with and without potential outliers.
Figure 3
Summary of nucleotide diversity (π) computed as measures of
intra-accession genetic diversity in O. barthii (18), O.
glaberrima (21), lowland O. sativa (30) and
upland O. sativa (21). Each accession was represented by 15
single plant DNA samples genotyped with 48,818 SNPs. See Supplementary Table S1
for germplasm summary and Table S4 for molecular diversity indices of each accession.
Comparisons of minimum, maximum, and average genetic distance
values computed between pairs of 15 individuals sampled per accession in Set-2,
each genotyped with 48,818 SNPs. See Supplementary Table S8 for details.
A plot of identity-by-state-based genetic distance values
computed within 4 accessions, each represented by 15 single plant DNA samples
genotyped with 48,818 SNPs. Genetic distances between pairs of individuals
within WAB0029281 and WAB0029923 were within the expected range for
self-pollinated species, while WAB0023634 and WAB0021280 have outlier
individuals. See Supplementary Figure S3 for 10 more accessions that had larger
than expected intra-accession diversity.
Figure 6 shows a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree and a principal
component analysis plot of the 1,347 individuals in Set-2. In the phylogenetic
tree, all individuals from 61 of the 90 accessions (67.8%) tend to be more
similar to each other and clustered together as expected, while 25 accessions
(27.8%) had 1–4 individuals that clustered with other accessions belonging to
either the same or a different species/subspecies. Overall, 47 of the 1,347
individuals (3.5%) from 25 accessions were suspected outliers, which
included O. barthii (2), O. glaberrima (12), O.
sativa (29); the latter includes indica (2), japonica (15) and
interspecific genotypes (12). The 15 individuals from each of 4 other
accessions were divided into two distinct but genetically similar sub-clusters.
Figure 6
(a) Neighbor-joining tree
constructed using Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) X (https://www.megasoftware.net/), and (b) plots of PC1 and PC2 from principal
component analyses of 1,347 single plant DNA samples in Set-2 based on 46,818
SNPs. In both figures, samples belonging to the same group have the same font
color: O. glaberrima (red), O. barthii (blue), O.
sativa adapted to the upland ecology (pink) and lowland ecology
(black). See Supplementary Table S1 for group membership and Supplementary
Table S8 for genetic distance matrices.
We observed nine accessions
(WAB0023634, WAB0029281, WAB0032222, WAB0010251, WAB0013330, WAB0018251,
WAB0021280, WAB0029923, and WABTMP106) that differed by at least 5% of the
scored alleles based on π, θ and IBS-based genetic distance between pairs of
individuals from within the accession; all these accessions except WAB0029281
each had 1–3 samples that did not cluster together with the other individuals
originating from the same accession in the phylogenetic tree. The first five
principal components from PCA performed in Set-2 accounted for 70.6% of the
variation observed across the 1,347 individuals (Supplementary Table S5). A plot of PC1 (51.3%) and PC2 (12.1%) revealed a similar
grouping pattern as the neighbor-joining analysis (Fig. 6). However, all individual samples originating from O.
barthii and O. glaberrima appeared nearly identical
in the PCA plot because only 40% of the 46,818 SNPs were polymorphic within
these two species as compared to 65% of the SNPs that were polymorphic among
the O. sativa accessions.
Inter-accession diversity in multiple datasets
Using genotypic data of all accessions,
we compared SNP polymorphisms, heterozygosity, θ, π, and genetic dissimilarity
across the twelve datasets. Of the 48,818 SNPs that were polymorphic across the
1,527 single plants and bulked DNA samples in Set-1, 98.8 to 99.9% of the SNPs
were polymorphic in the datasets represented by a randomly selected single
plant, 5–15 single plants, and bulks of either 5 or 10 plants. Marker
polymorphisms computed among accessions belonging to the four different species
and eco-geographical groups demonstrated highly similar patterns of
polymorphism irrespective of the DNA sampling methods and genetic background of
the germplasm (Fig. 2). For example, the lowest (19.7–20.6%) marker polymorphism was
observed within O. glaberrima, which was very consistent whether
each accession was represented by a randomly selected individual, multiple
individuals ranging from 5 to 15, or bulks. Pearson correlation coefficients
between minor allele frequencies ranged from 0.993 to 1.00 (mean of 0.996) and
heterozygosity estimated per SNP ranged from 0.902 to 1.00 (mean of 0.965)
across all datasets (Supplementary Table S6). Observed heterozygosity per accession computed across all
datasets ranged from 0.2 to 25.7% (Supplementary Table S1), with an overall average of 1.1%. Fourteen of the 90 accessions
(15.6%) had an observed heterozygosity > 6.0% in one or more datasets
(Supplementary Fig. S4), of which WAB0007857 and WAB0029923 were the most
heterozygous accessions represented by 5 and 8 DNA samples with > 6.0%
heterozygosity, respectively. Overall, approximately 84% of the 90 accessions
had consistently < 6% heterozygosity across all datasets irrespective of the
DNA sampling methods (Supplementary Fig. S4, Supplementary Table S1).
We examined the overall genetic
diversity indices across all datasets by assigning accessions into groups
(Fig. 7, Supplementary Table S7). When all 90 accessions were used for analyses, Ps, θ and π
estimated across all datasets varied from 0.976 to 0.995, from 0.128 to 0.195
and from 0.257 to 0.268, respectively, and each parameter was highly similar
across datasets except relatively smaller values for θ when genotyping was done
on 5–15 individuals in Set-2, Set-11, and Set-12. When we repeated the analyses
using groups, Ps and θ values computed from Set-3 to Set-10 as well as π values
estimated from all datasets showed similar patterns irrespective of the genetic
background. On the other hand, Ps was larger and Θ was smaller when computed
from the 5–15 individuals in Set-2, Set-11, and Set-12 compared to all other
datasets. Overall, observed nucleotide diversity within O. glaberrima across
all datasets, as measured by π, accounted for 40.9–50.1%, 33.4–51.9% and
28.5–35.9% of those of the wild O. barthii, the two O.
sativa subspecies and the improved interspecific genotypes,
respectively (Fig. 7, Supplementary Table S7).
Figure 7
Summary of the proportion of polymorphic sites (Ps), θ and π
across all datasets based on 48,818 SNPs. This figure was constructed using
Microsoft Excel. See Supplementary Table S7 for details. Interspecific refers
to improved genotypes derived from crosses between O. glaberrima and O.
sativa.
The genetic distance matrices
computed between pair of the 90 accessions across all datasets are summarized
in Fig. 8 and Supplementary Fig. S5. Overall, the minimum, maximum, and average pairwise genetic
distances of the 90 accessions were highly similar irrespective of the DNA
sampling methods. For example, the mean genetic distance between all pairs of
the 90 accessions computed from the 5–15 single plants per accession as well as
the bulk of five and ten plants varied from 0.019 to 0.697, from 0.021 to
0.732, and from 0.013 to 0.725, respectively. Mantel tests revealed a very high
positive correlation among distance matrices between pairs of accessions
(Supplementary Table S8) computed from all datasets, which ranged from 0.925 to
0.998 in all accessions (Supplementary Fig. S6). To determine if the genetic background of the germplasm
influenced the correlations, we compared genetic distance matrices between
pairs of accessions belonging to (a) O. glaberrima, O.
barthii, O. sativa spp. indica, O. sativa spp.
japonica and interspecific improved genotypes, and (b) the three groups
predicted based on cluster analyses, PCA and the model-based population
structure analyses (see below). Mantel correlations between datasets varied
from 0.270 to 0.991 in O. glaberrima, from 0.878 to 0.999 in O.
barthii, from 0.786 to 0.999 in indica, from 0.741 to 0.995 in japonica,
and from 0.906 to 0.999 in interspecific improved genotypes. The lowest Mantel
correlation coefficients were, therefore, observed within O. glaberrima,
which is also evident from relatively inconsistent frequency distributions of
the genetic distance matrices. When groups predicted based on the multivariate
methods were considered, Mantel correlation coefficients among the distance
matrices computed from all datasets were higher in the O. glaberrima/O.
barthii group (0.945 ≤ r ≤ 1.000), followed by O. sativa adapted
to the lowland (0.878 ≤ r ≤ 0.999) and upland (0.749 ≤ r ≤ 0.990) ecologies
(Supplementary Table S9).
Figure 8
Frequency distribution categories of pairwise genetic distance
between pairs of accessions computed from 11 datasets, each with 46,818 SNPs.
See Supplementary Table S8 for details.
We examined the neighbor-joining
tree constructed from the genetic distance matrix of all 1,527 samples in Set-1
to assess if the bulks of 5 and bulk of 10 plants consistently clustered with
the 15 individual samples, which was observed among the 85 and 87 of the 90
accessions, respectively. About 96.4% of 1,527 single plants and bulked DNA
samples originating from the same accession were clustered together as
expected, while 3.5% of the individual and bulked samples from 26 accessions
appeared to be potential outliers (Supplementary Fig. S7). DNA samples that were found to be potential outliers or
mis-clustered are likely errors for different reasons, including admixture,
contamination, and mislabeling during sampling, DNA extraction, and genotyping.
We then assessed population structure among the 90 accessions to determine how
they tended to cluster into groups across all datasets. Overall, the
neighbor-joining tree constructed from the genetic distance matrix computed
from Set-2 showed three major groups (Fig. 6). Accessions belonging to O. glaberrima and O.
barthii formed the first group. In contrast to both O.
glaberrima and O. barthii accessions that did not
show any population structure by their ecology of origin, O. sativa accessions
formed two separate groups that were consistent with their adaptation
ecologies. All O. sativa accessions and interspecific
genotypes that are adapted to the lowland (primarily indica) and the upland
(primarily japonica) ecologies were assigned into the second and third groups,
respectively. The phylogenetic trees constructed from the other datasets
revealed similar grouping patterns and are summarized in Supplementary
Fig. S7. Overall, accessions belonging to each species and/or
subspecies consistently clustered together across all datasets irrespective of
the leaf (DNA) sampling methods with two exceptions. In Set-2, Set-6, Set-7,
Set-10, Set-11, and Set-12, an O. barthii accession
(WAB0028942) clustered together with O. glaberrima accessions,
while another O. barthii accession (WAB0038213) clustered
with O. glaberrima in Set-2, Set-11, and Set-12.
Robinson-Foulds (RF) and SPR distances computed as measures of differences
(disagreements) between pairs of the neighbor-joining phylogenies constructed
from all datasets varied from 0.15 to 0.76 (RF) and from 7 to 37 (SPR)
(Supplementary Table S10). The highest agreement (with the lowest RF value of 0.15 and
SPR value of 7) was observed between phylogenies constructed from the 15
individuals in Set-2 and 10 individuals in Set-12.
The model-based population
structure analyses revealed three distinct groups, similar to the phylogenetic
analysis, with an O. barthii/O. glaberrima group, and
two O. sativa groups adapted to the lowland and upland
ecologies (Supplementary Table S1). The first five principal components from PCA performed across
all datasets accounted for 70.6 to 72.3% of the molecular variation
(Supplementary Table S5). A plot of PC1 and PC2 from all datasets also showed three
distinct groups similar to the model-based population structure and the
neighbor-joining analyses (Fig. 6, Supplementary Fig. S8). The DNA samples that we considered as potential outliers in
the phylogenetic trees were also evident in the PCA plots.
Genetic differentiation
The partitioning of the molecular
variances of the various datasets into three, four, and five groups using AMOVA
revealed that differences in groups accounted from 70.8 to 73.0%, from 69.7 to
71.9%, and from 66.8 to 68.4%, of the total variation, respectively. From 27.0
to 33.2% of the genetic variation resided within accessions irrespective of the
dataset (sampling methods) and the number of groups used in the analyses
(Supplementary Fig. S9, Table S11). FST estimated between pairs of the three, four and five groups
computed from all datasets showed either great (0.150–0.250) or very great
(> 0.250) genetic differentiation65, which varied from 0.154 to 0.819 between pairs of the 5
groups, from 0.261 to 0.827 between pairs of the four groups and from 0.453 to
0.785 between pairs of the three groups (Supplementary Table S12). The extent of molecular variance partitioned within and among
groups as well as the extent of genetic differentiation between pairs of groups
was consistently similar irrespective of the sampling methods and datasets
Discussion
Genetic diversity within and between accessions
In most genomics studies of
self-pollinating species held in genebank collections, each accession is often
represented by genotype data taken from a single randomly sampled individual19,25,66; this is usually done before or after one or more generations
of seed purification using single seed descent under field or screen-house
conditions67. Accessions conserved at a given genebank may have been
originally collected as populations, which are often heterogeneous with a
larger plant to plant variation. Most genebanks minimize such high levels of
intra-accession variation by purifying seed lots to make them acceptable for
genetic and pre-breeding studies68. In a recent example, our group at the AfricaRice genotyped
3,245 accessions belonging to O. barthii (115), O.
sativa (772) and O. glaberrima (2,358) with 26,073
physically mapped SNPs21, with each accession represented by a single plant after seed
purification25. There are, however, concerns regarding the development of
purified seed lots and/or use of a single individual to represent a genebank
collection, especially in landraces and wild accessions. First, seed
purification of thousands of accessions conserved at a given genebank incurs
additional financial resources, personnel, time, and space. Since each
accession can be then split into two or more new seed lots after purification,
these additional resources are needed not only for purification but also for
managing/maintaining the purified seed lots68. Second, most genebanks do not have clear strategies to manage
the purified germplasm sets (seed lots). Third, the genotypic data generated
from a single individual per accession with or without seed purification may
not capture the genetic variation available within a given collection. Finally,
genotyping of bulks of multiple individuals per accession for genomic studies
in selfing species has been suggested17 but is not yet commonly used in inbreeding species,
although is it commonly used for similar purposes in cross-pollinating species37,38,61,69,70. To the best of our knowledge, therefore, this is the first
extensive and systematic study to generate well-designed empirical data for
assessing the level and distribution of intra- and inter-accession genetic
diversity across different leaf/DNA sampling methods in three rice species and
different genetic backgrounds using genome-wide SNPs.
Overall, the various types of
univariate and multivariate analyses performed in the present study revealed
relatively consistent patterns of marker polymorphisms, heterozygosity,
intra-accession, and inter-accession diversity indices, genetic dissimilarity,
population structure, and genetic differentiation irrespective of the sampling
methods. Of the 1,527 DNA samples used in the present study, (1) 96.5% of the
single plant DNA samples originating from the same accession clustered together
as expected and only 3.5% of the individuals clustered with other accessions;
(2) the two bulks of 5 and 10 plants within an accession consistently clustered
with the 15 single plant samples in 95.6% of the 90 accessions; (3) θ and π
computed as measures of genetic diversity within each accession were smaller
than 0.06 in 81 of the 90 accessions, which suggests greater than expected
intra-accession diversity within 10% of the accessions; (4) there were highly
comparable patterns of polymorphisms (98.8–99.9%) among all datasets
irrespective of the sampling methods (Supplementary Table S2); and (5) there were high to very high correlations among
distance matrices computed from the different datasets generated for all 90
accessions, except for O. glaberrima (see below) when analyses
were done on a priori known groups.
Although our genotypic data for the
5–15 individuals per accession did not provide strong justification for
compensating the 4–14-fold increase in sample preparation and genotyping costs
compared to using a single plant, we observed some level of disagreement
between datasets within some accessions, which included O. glaberrima (1
accession), O. barthii (2 accessions), and O. sativa adapted
to the lowland (6 accessions) and upland (7 accessions) ecologies. Pairwise
differences among the multiple individuals of these accessions have been summarized
in Figs. 3, 4 and 5 and Supplementary Figs. S1-S2, which demonstrated a relatively larger intra-accession genetic
diversity due to a few individuals that are equivalent to inter-accession
diversity; this has also been seen in other studies of self-pollinated genebank
material5,19. In a genomic study of barley genebank accessions using
GBS, there were 32 accessions represented by 10 individuals each that revealed
varying degrees of intra-accession diversity. About 34% of the 32 barley
accessions showed very little intra-accession diversity, while 16% showed an
intra-accession divergence that was equivalent to inter-accession diversity19. Using morphological and isozyme markers, intra-accessions
genetic diversity has also been reported in another study of barley landraces
conserved in genebanks for 10–72 years5. In most accessions, our results obtained from the two datasets
corresponding to the 5 and 10 single plants were highly similar to those of the
15 individuals.
To capture the larger
intra-accession diversity observed within some of the accessions, we recommend
a single bulk of either 5 or 10 individuals instead of genotyping 5–15 plants
individually per accession; this is evident from the very high positive
correlations (0.871 ≤ r ≤ 0.995) between distance matrices computed from Set-2,
Set-3, Set-4, Set-11 and Set-12 (Supplementary Table S9). The genotyping cost of a bulk (of 5 or 10 plants) would be
the same as a single individual and 4–14-fold cheaper than genotyping 5–15
plants individually (see below for details), but bulks should help capture more
intra-accession diversity than a single plant. We recommend, however, that the
bulks be made by pooling approximately equal leaf tissue from every individual
and only use up to 15 plants per bulk in order not to dilute rare alleles
when more plants are bulked per accession38,45. O. glaberrima was the only exception that
showed lower correlations between distance matrices computed from the 5–15
individuals in Set-2, Set-11 and Set-12 vs. the bulks of 5 and 10 plants in
Set-3 and Set-4 (0.477 ≤ r ≤ 0.690), which may either be due to the genetic
background of this species and/or an ascertainment bias in the SNPs. Although
ascertainment bias is minimal with genotyping by sequencing technologies, it
may arise when marker data is not obtained from a random sample of the polymorphisms71, which could occur in the current study due to the use of
the O. sativa spp. japonica (cv. Nipponbare) reference genome
for aligning marker sequences. Some level of ascertainment bias may have also
been introduced by the Random Forest46 imputation method used in this study, as has been reported
in another study in wheat72.
Genetic relationship and population structure
Overall, the different DNA
sampling methods revealed very consistent patterns of genetic relationships,
population structures, and genetic differentiation irrespective of species,
genetic background, and predicted group memberships (Fig. 6, Supplementary Fig. S7, Fig. S8, Table S11, Table S12). However, there were some exceptions, including 3.5% of the
individual samples that clustered together with other accessions of either the
same or a different species and two O. barthii accessions that
showed an inconsistent pattern of clustering across datasets in the
phylogenetic trees (Fig. 6, Supplementary Fig. S7). The mis-clustered samples are likely outliers due to errors
during seed handling, sample preparation and/or genotyping17,26,37. Mislabeling, misclassification (misidentification), and mixing
of samples are common problems in genebanks15 and have been reported in several species, including
multiple Oryza species26,73,74, Dioscorea spp.75, Brassica spp 76. and Solanum spp.77. The percentage of mislabeled or misclassified samples reported
in the literature is highly variable depending on sample size, the species, and
the methods used for assessing the error rates, which varied from 3 to 21%26,73,74,75,76,77. In one of our recent studies, we found that 3.1% of 3,134 of
accessions from four rice species were either mislabeled or misclassified26, which can easily be checked using a subset of the diagnostic
SNPs that we developed in the previous study. Misclassification and mislabeling
not only restrict the effective use of the germplasm for various purposes but
also provide an erroneous estimate of intra-accession and inter-accession
genetic diversity; in such cases, the presence of larger intra-accession
genetic diversity can be an indication of errors rather than genetics/biological.
Both Robinson-Foulds and SPR
distances computed as measures of disagreements between a pair of phylogenies
revealed that the phylogenetic tree constructed from the 15 individuals in
Set-2 had the highest concordance with those in Set-12 (RF = 0.15, SPR = 7),
followed by Set-11 (RF = 0.37, SPR = 21). All other values suggest a low to
moderate concordance among pairs of phylogenies (Supplementary Table S10). It should be noted, however, that the concordance among pairs
of phylogenies may be confounded by multiple factors, including topological
features (the number of shared/non-shared subtrees) between a pair of trees,
path length information (finding the nearest neighbor interchange to transform
one tree into another), edge weights, and branch scores58,78,79,80, all of which are of little relevance in characterizing
genebank collections. In germplasm characterization, phylogenetic trees are
primarily used to understand the broader pattern of evolutionary relationships;
the level of genetic divergence; the definition of groups (populations or
sub-populations); the selection of subsets of accessions that capture the
genetic variation of a given group; and the identification of potential
duplicates. In such cases, it is often difficult for genetic resource scientists
to determine the true historical relationships between any groups of accessions
other than using the bootstrapping method for assessing the accuracy or
confidence in phylogenetic trees81. Although some studies advocate for bootstrapping, other
studies believe that bootstrap values are a poor measure of repeatability82 depending on (1) the methods used for computing
similarity/dissimilarity matrices; (2) the algorithm/methodology implemented in
constructing the phylogenetic trees and for assessing disagreements between
pairs of trees80, and (3) the lack of clear-cut threshold bootstrap values
(which vary from 70 to 100%) that is used to judge whether a given node is good
or not. Furthermore, displaying nodal support bootstrap values is difficult for
large datasets83,84, which are typical of large-scale germplasm curation and
characterization studies.
Cost and technical feasibility
The availability of high
throughput and relatively low-cost NGS technologies have provided genebank
researchers a better opportunity to explore the genetic potential of their
collections15. The current DNA extraction and genotyping cost of a single
sample with DArTseq technology through a commercial vendor range from the US
$22 to $30 per sample (the actual cost depends on sample size), which returns
between 22,000 to 47,000 polymorphic SNPs in rice. A small sample size can
underestimate genetic diversity parameters, and excessive sampling inflates
costs2. Sampling 5–15 plants per accession instead of one provides
more intra-accession information, but it does inflate sampling, DNA extraction,
and genotyping cost 4–14-fold. In the present study, for example, genotyping of
5, 10, and 15 individuals incurred an additional cost per accession of US $88,
$198, and $308, respectively. Currently, the AfricaRice genebank holds 21,300
accessions (https://www.genesys-pgr.org/), which would cost ~ US $2.4 and $7.1 million for genotyping 5
and 15 individuals per accession, respectively, compared to $468,600 for
genotyping either a single individual or a bulk. Because we arrived at
broadly similar conclusions regardless of sampling methods for most applications,
we do not believe the additional information obtained by genotyping 5–15
individuals justify the multi-fold increase in cost. Furthermore, sampling
of 5–15 individuals per accession across thousands of accessions raises another
concern in that the technical feasibility of sampling, processing, and tracking
so many individuals, followed by managing the high-density genotypic data, will
be extremely challenging85,86,87. Recently, our team genotyped 4,115 rice accessions with ~ 32,000 SNPs
using DArTseq, which generated 650-megabytes of data. If each accession had
been represented by 5–15 individuals, the total number of samples would have
been 21–62 thousands and approximately 3.2–9.8 gigabytes of data, and data
analysis with existing statistical programs would have been extremely
challenging. Genotyping of all 21,300 accessions with 5–15 individuals could
lead to a daunting file size of 16.8 to 50.5-gigabytes.
Conclusions
Using high-density DArTseq
genotype data generated with the Illumina NGS technology, we assessed six leaf
(DNA) sampling methods to determine if an obvious advantage in genotyping
multiple individuals per accessions existed to justify the multi-fold increase
in cost and technical complexity of handling/managing large number of samples
per accession as compared to genotyping either a randomly selected individual
or a bulk. Overall, we arrived at broadly similar conclusions in terms of
overall SNPs polymorphism and heterozygosity/heterogeneity; molecular diversity
indices within and between accessions and groups; the genetic dissimilarity
between accessions and groups; population structure; and genetic
differentiation. Genotyping 5–15 individuals per accession provided better
information for understanding not only the level of intra-accession genetic
diversity but also for detecting outliers over genotyping a randomly selected
individual; however, the additional information obtained was not enough to
justify the 4–14-fold increase in cost and technical challenges in managing the
large-sample size associated with genebank genomics studies. Both
Robinson-Foulds and SPR distances computed as measures of disagreements between
a pair of phylogenies revealed that the phylogenetic tree constructed from the
15 individuals in Set-2 had the highest concordance with those in Set-12 (10
individuals), followed by Set-11 (5 individuals), suggesting that at least 5–10
plants should be genotyped per accession individually or in a bulk.
Furthermore, the identification of suspected outliers in 26 of the 90
accessions, which accounted for 3.5–10.0% of the single DNA samples in Set-2,
lead us to recommend genotyping of 5–10 plants individually or in a bulk
instead of a single individual per accession. Results from this study provide
highly useful information to other researchers involved in genetic resources
characterization using genebank genomics.
Data
availability
All relevant data are within the
paper and its Supporting Information Files.
References
1.1.
Khanlou, K. M., Vandepitte, K., Asl, L. K. & Van Bockstaele,
E. Towards an optimal sampling strategy for assessing genetic variation within
and among white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars using
AFLP. Genet. Mol. Biol.34, 252–258. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572011000200015 (2011).
Suzuki, J.-I., Herben, T. & Maki, M. An under-appreciated
difficulty: sampling of plant populations for analysis using molecular
markers. Evol. Ecol.18, 625–646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10682-004-5147-3 (2004).
van Treuren, R. & van Hintum, T. J. L. Identification of
intra-accession genetic diversity in selfing crops using AFLP markers:
implications for collection management. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol.48,
287–295. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011272130027 (2001).
van Hintum, T. J. L., van de Wiel, C. C. M., Visser, D. L., van
Treuren, R. & Vosman, B. The distribution of genetic diversity in a
Brassica oleracea gene bank collection related to the effects on diversity of
regeneration, as measured with AFLPs. Theor. Appl. Genet.114,
777–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-006-0456-2 (2007).
Parzies, H. K., Spoor, W. & Ennos, R. A. Genetic diversity
of barley landrace accessions (Hordeum vulgare spp. vulgare)
conserved for different lengths of time in ex situ gene banks. Heredity84,
476–486. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00705.x (2000).
Bryan, G. J., McLean, K., Waugh, R. & Spooner, D. M. Levels
of intra-specific AFLP diversity in tuber-bearing potato species with different
breeding systems and ploidy levels. Front. Genet.8,
119 (2017).
Lowe, A. J., Thorpe, W., Teale, A. & Hanson, J.
Characterisation of germplasm accessions of Napier grass (Pennisetum
purpureum and P. purpureum × P. glaucum hybrids)
and comparison with farm clones using RAPD. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol.50,
121–132. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022915009380 (2003).
Alansi, S., Tarroum, M., Al-Qurainy, F., Khan, S. & Nadeem,
M. Use of ISSR markers to assess the genetic diversity in wild medicinal Ziziphus
spina-christi (L.) Willd. collected from different regions of Saudi
Arabia. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip.30,
942–947. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2016.1199287 (2016).
El-Esawi, M. A., Germaine, K., Bourke, P. & Malone, R.
Genetic diversity and population structure of Brassica oleracea germplasm in
Ireland using SSR markers. C. R. Biol.339,
133–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2016.02.002 (2016).
Ginot, F., Bordelais, I., Nguyen, S. & Gyapay, G. Correction
of some genotyping errors in automated fluorescent microsatellite analysis by
enzymatic removal of one base overhangs. Nucleic Acids Res.24,
540–541. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/24.3.540 (1996).
Ghosh, S. et al. Methods for precise sizing,
automated binning of alleles, and reduction of error rates in large-scale
genotyping using fluorescently labeled dinucleotide markers. Genome
Res.7, 165–178 (1997).
McCouch, S. R., McNally, K. L., Wang, W. & Hamilton, R. S.
Genomics of gene banks: a case study in rice. Am. J. Bot.99,
407–423. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100385 (2012).
Mascher, M. et al. Genebank genomics bridges
the gap between the conservation of crop diversity and plant breeding. Nat.
Genet.51, 1076–1081. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0443-6 (2019).
Singh, N. et al. Efficient curation of
genebanks using next generation sequencing reveals substantial duplication of
germplasm accessions. Sci. Rep.9, 650. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37269-0 (2019).
Hu, Z., Olatoye, M. O., Marla, S. & Morris, G. P. An
integrated genotyping-by-sequencing polymorphism map for over 10,000 sorghum
genotypes. Plant Genome12, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3835/plantgenome2018.06.0044 (2019).
Milner, S. G. et al. Genebank genomics
highlights the diversity of a global barley collection. Nat. Genet.51,
319–326. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0266-x (2019).
Wegary, D. et al. Molecular diversity and
selective sweeps in maize inbred lines adapted to African highlands. Sci.
Rep.9, 13490. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49861-z (2019).
Ndjiondjop, M. N. et al. Comparisons of
molecular diversity indices, selective sweeps and population structure of
African rice with its wild progenitor and Asian rice. Theor. Appl.
Genet.132, 1145–1158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-018-3268-2 (2019).
Gouesnard, B. et al. Genotyping-by-sequencing
highlights original diversity patterns within a European collection of 1191
maize flint lines, as compared to the maize USDA genebank. Theor. Appl.
Genet.130, 2165–2189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-017-2949-6 (2017).
Muktar, M. S. et al. Genotyping by sequencing
provides new insights into the diversity of Napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus)
and reveals variation in genome-wide LD patterns between collections. Sci.
Rep.9, 6936. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43406-0 (2019).
Ndjiondjop, M.-N. et al. Genetic variation and
population structure of Oryza glaberrima and development of a
mini-core collection using DArTseq. Front. Plant Sci.8,
1748. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01748 (2017).
Ndjiondjop, M. N. et al. Development of species
diagnostic SNP markers for quality control genotyping in four rice (Oryza L)
species. Mol. Breed.38, 131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-018-0885-z (2018).
Ertiro, B. T. et al. Comparison of kompetitive
allele specific PCR (KASP) and genotyping by sequencing (GBS) for quality
control analysis in maize. BMC Genom.16, 908. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2180-2 (2015).
Sansaloni, C. et al. Diversity arrays
technology (DArT) and next-generation sequencing combined: genome-wide, high
throughput, highly informative genotyping for molecular breeding of
Eucalyptus. BMC Proc.5, P54. https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-6561-5-S7-P54 (2011).
Ndjiondjop, M. N. et al. Assessment of genetic
variation and population structure of diverse rice genotypes adapted to lowland
and upland ecologies in Africa using SNPs. Front. Plant Sci.9,
446. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00446 (2018).
Semon, M., Nielsen, R., Jones, M. P. & McCouch, S. R. The
population structure of African cultivated rice Oryza glaberrima (Steud.):
evidence for elevated levels of linkage disequilibrium caused by admixture
with O. sativa and ecological adaptation. Genetics169,
1639–1647 (2005).
Cubry, P. et al. The rise and fall of African
rice cultivation revealed by analysis of 246 new genomes. Curr. Biol.28,
2274-2282.e2276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.066 (2018).
Barnaud, A., Trigueros, G., McKey, D. & Joly, H. I. High
outcrossing rates in fields with mixed sorghum landraces: How are landraces
maintained?. Heredity101, 445–452 (2008).
Phan, P. D. T., Kageyama, H., Ishikawa, R. & Ishii, T.
Estimation of the outcrossing rate for annual Asian wild rice under field
conditions. Breed. sci.62, 256–262. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.62.256 (2012).
Michelmore, R. W., Paran, I. & Kesseli, R. V. Identification
of markers linked to disease-resistance genes by bulked segregant analysis: a
rapid method to detect markers in specific genomic regions by using segregating
populations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.88,
9828–9832 (1991).
Giovannoni, J. J., Wing, R. A., Ganal, M. W. & Tanksley, S.
D. Isolation of molecular markers from specific chromosomal intervals using DNA
pools from existing mapping populations. Nucleic Acids Res.19,
6553–6558 (1991).
Warburton, M. L. et al. Toward a cost-effective
fingerprinting methodology to distinguish maize open-pollinated varieties. Crop
Sci.50, 467–477 (2010).
Dubreuil, P., Warburton, M., Chastanet, M., Hoisington, D. &
Charcosset, A. More on the introduction of temperate maize into Europe:
large-scale bulk SSR genotyping and new historical elements. Maydica51,
281–291 (2006).
Wu, Y. et al. Molecular characterization of
CIMMYT maize inbred lines with genotyping-by-sequencing SNPs. Theor.
Appl. Genet.129, 753–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-016-2664-8 (2016).
Song, J., Li, Z., Liu, Z., Guo, Y. & Qiu, L. J.
Next-generation sequencing from bulked-segregant analysis accelerates the
simultaneous identification of two qualitative genes in soybean. Front.
Plant Sci.8, 919. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00919 (2017).
Wambugu, P., Ndjiondjop, M. N., Furtado, A. & Henry, R.
Sequencing of bulks of segregants allows dissection of genetic control of
amylose content in rice. Plant Biotechnol. J.16,
100–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.12752 (2018).
Dong, W., Wu, D., Li, G., Wu, D. & Wang, Z. Next-generation
sequencing from bulked segregant analysis identifies a dwarfism gene in
watermelon. Sci. Rep.8, 2908. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21293-1 (2018).
Gyawali, A., Shrestha, V., Guill, K. E., Flint-Garcia, S. &
Beissinger, T. M. Single-plant GWAS coupled with bulk segregant analysis allows
rapid identification and corroboration of plant-height candidate SNPs. BMC
Plant Biol.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-019-2000-y (2019).
Vikram, P., Swamy, B. P. M., Dixit, S. & Ahmed, H. A. Bulk
segregant analysis: an effective approach for mapping consistent-effect drought
grain yield QTLs in rice. Field Crops Res.134,
185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2012.05.012 (2012).
Reyes-Valdés, M. H. et al. Analysis and optimization
of bulk DNA sampling with binary scoring for germplasm characterization. PLoS
ONE8, e79936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079936 (2013).
Baloch, F. S. et al. A whole genome DArTseq and
SNP analysis for genetic diversity assessment in durum wheat from central
fertile crescent. PLoS ONE12, e0167821. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167821 (2017).
Melville, J. et al. Identifying hybridization
and admixture using SNPs: application of the DArTseq platform in
phylogeographic research on vertebrates. R. Soc. Open Sci.4,
161061 (2017).
Bradbury, P. J. et al. TASSEL: software for
association mapping of complex traits in diverse samples. Bioinformatics23,
2633–2635. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm308 (2007).
Excoffier, L. & Lischer, H. E. L. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: a
new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and
Windows. Mol. Ecol. Resour.10, 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x (2010).
Lischer, H. E. L. & Excoffier, L. PGDSpider: an automated
data conversion tool for connecting population genetics and genomics
programs. Bioinformatics28, 298–299. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr642 (2012).
Robinson, O., Dylus, D. & Dessimoz, C. Phylo.io: Interactive
viewing and comparison of large phylogenetic trees on the web. Mol.
Biol. Evol.33, 2163–2166. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw080 (2016).
De Oliveira Martins, L., Mallo, D. & Posada, D. A Bayesian
supertree model for genome-wide species tree reconstruction. Syst.
Biol.65, 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu082 (2016).
de Oliveira Martins, L., Leal, ÉK. & Hirohisa,. Phylogenetic
detection of recombination with a Bayesian prior on the distance between
trees. PLoS ONE3, e2651. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002651 (2008).
Semagn, K. et al. Molecular characterization of
diverse CIMMYT maize inbred lines from eastern and southern Africa using single
nucleotide polymorphic markers. BMC Genom.13,
113. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-113 (2012).
Excoffier, L., Smouse, P. E. & Quattro, J. M. Analysis of
molecular variance inferred from metric distances among DNA haplotypes:
application to human mitochondrial DNA restriction data. Genetics131,
479–491 (1992).
Holsinger, K. E. & Weir, B. S. Genetics in geographically
structured populations: defining, estimating and interpreting FST. Nat.
Rev. Genet.10, 639–650. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg2611 (2009).
Bah, S., van der Merwe, R. & Labuschagne, M. T. Estimation
of outcrossing rates in intraspecific (Oryza sativa) and interspecific (Oryza
sativa × Oryza glaberrima) rice under field conditions
using agro-morphological markers. Euphytica213,
81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-017-1872-x (2017).
Wright, S. Evolution and the Genetics of Populations:
Variability within and Among Natural Populations vol. 4 (University of
Chicago Press, Chicago, 1978).
Singh, S. et al. Harnessing genetic potential
of wheat germplasm banks through impact-oriented-prebreeding for future food
and nutritional security. Sci. Rep.8, 12527. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30667-4 (2018).
Anglin, N. L., Amri, A., Kehel, Z. & Ellis, D. A case of
need: Linking traits to genebank accessions. Biopreserv. Biobank.16,
337–349. https://doi.org/10.1089/bio.2018.0033 (2018).
Lu, Y. et al. Molecular characterization of
global maize breeding germplasm based on genome-wide single nucleotide
polymorphisms. Theor. Appl. Genet.120, 93–115 (2009).
Warburton, M. L. et al. Genetic characterization
of 218 elite CIMMYT maize inbred lines using RFLP markers. Euphytica142,
97–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-005-0817-y (2005).
Orjuela, J. et al. An extensive analysis of the
African rice genetic diversity through a global genotyping. Theor.
Appl. Genet.127, 2211–2223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-014-2374-z (2014).
Buso, G. S. C., Rangel, P. H. N. & Ferreira, M. E. Analysis
of random and specific sequences of nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA in diploid and
tetraploid American wild rice species (Oryza spp.). Genome44,
476–494. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-44-3-476 (2001).
Girma, G., Korie, S., Dumet, D. & Franco, J. Improvement of
accession distinctiveness as an added value to the global worth of the yam (Dioscorea spp.)
genebank. Int. J. Conserv. Sci.3, 199–206 (2012).
Mason, A. S. et al. High-throughput genotyping
for species identification and diversity assessment in germplasm
collections. Mol. Ecol. Resour.15, 1091–1101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12379 (2015).
Ellis, D. et al. Genetic identity in genebanks:
application of the SolCAP 12K SNP array in fingerprinting and diversity
analysis in the global in trust potato collection. Genome61,
523–537. https://doi.org/10.1139/gen-2017-0201 (2018).
Choi, K. & Gomez, S. M. Comparison of phylogenetic trees
through alignment of embedded evolutionary distances. BMC Bioinform.10,
423. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-10-423 (2009).
Hillis, D. M. & Bull, J. J. An empirical test of
bootstrapping as a method for assessing confidence in phylogenetic
analysis. Syst. Biol.42, 182–192. https://doi.org/10.2307/2992540 (1993).
Sanderson, M. J. & Wojciechowski, M. F. Improved bootstrap
confidence limits in large-scale phylogenies, with an example from
neo-astragalus (Leguminosae). Syst. Biol.49, 671–685
(2000).
Arbelaez, J. D. et al. Methodology: ssb-MASS: a
single seed-based sampling strategy for marker-assisted selection in
rice. Plant Methods15, 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-019-0464-2 (2019).
The present study was supported
by a grant given to the AfricaRice genebank from the Global Diversity Crop
Trust (GDCT) through CGIAR Systems Organization and by the Federal
Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany.
Author
information
Affiliations
1.Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), M’bé Research Station, 01 B.P.
2551, Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire
2.Université Nationale Des Sciences, Technologies, Ingénierie Et
Mathématiques (UNSTIM), Abomey, Benin
Gustave L. Djedatin
3.Corn Host Plant Resistance Research Unit, United States
Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Mississippi State, USA
Marilyn L. Warburton
4.Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
Amidou N’Diaye
Contributions
A.C.G. was responsible for sample
preparation, preliminary data analyses and drafting the manuscript; S.B.K. and
A.G. compiled passport data and assisted in sample preparation; M.N.N. and K.S.
conceived, designed, secure funding, supervised the study, analyzed the
data, and edited the paper; A.N. imputed the S.N.P. genotype data and
contributed in analysis; M.L.W. and G.L.D. contributed to and edited the paper.
All authors read and approved the paper.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation,
distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give
appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or
other third party material in this article are included in the article’s
Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the
material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license
and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright
holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Gouda, A.C., Ndjiondjop, M.N., Djedatin, G.L. et al. Comparisons
of sampling methods for assessing intra- and inter-accession genetic diversity
in three rice species using genotyping by sequencing. Sci Rep10, 13995
(2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-70842-0
By submitting a comment you agree
to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our
terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate.
ON AUGUST 18, 202011:10 PMIN AGRIC Kindly Share
This Story:FacebookTwitterEmailWhatsAppPinterestShare Governor Babajide
Sanwo-Olu of Lagos State. By Olasunkanmi Akoni Lagos State Government has
empowered no fewer than 800 rice farmers in the state with preferred
high-yielding Farrow 44 seeds, brand new high-quality knapsack sprayers, rain
boots and farm coats. The state Acting Commissioner for Agriculture, Ms.
Abisola Olusanya, who gave out the empowerment tools on Tuesday, at the
beginning of a three-day capacity building and training of the rice farmers on
current production practices in the rice value chain, explained that the
strategic intervention by the state government was informed by the need to
boost the farming activities of rice farmers in the state. She stressed that
the empowerment of the rice farmers was also geared towards ensuring the
sustainable supply of paddy by the rice farmers, particularly bearing in mind
the imminent completion of the state-owned Imota Rice Mill project. ALSO READ:
Edo farmers to cultivate rice, maize, soya beans, others on 10,000 hectares “It
is expected that if these farming techniques are adopted by the farmers in the
next planting season, it will result in an increase in paddy production in the
state to an expected average yield of four tonnes per hour,” Olusanya stated.
She explained that the capacity building and training was expected to give all
participating farmers the opportunity to gain hands-on experience in modern and
improved rice farming techniques. Olusanya added: “Due to the fact that the
state has limited agricultural cultivable land area and with the increasing
rate of small and large scale Rice Mills across the nation, there is a strain
on the state getting a constant supply of paddy to feed the mill when it
becomes fully operational. “It is to this end that the ministry has embarked on
the sensitisation of rice farmers to train and disseminate the current
production practices and empowerment geared towards sustainable supply of paddy
by Lagos rice farmers towards the Imota Rice Mill project.” She noted that the
32 metric tonne per hour rice mill at Imota was nearing completion, stressing
that at full capacity, it would produce 115,200mt of milled rice which would require
about 280,000mt of paddy per year, hence the need to stock enough paddy to
ensure a smooth take-off of the mill. According to her, the training was
necessary in order to bridge the rice demand deficit of the residents of the
state and the Federal Government’s current ban on importation of rice. She
stated that the training would take place in 20 locations cut across Ikorodu,
Epe, Badagry, Gboyinbo, Idena, Obada, Ito Ikin, and Ise adding that they would
be trained on global best practices and the most effective ways to grow their
rice. Responding, the National Deputy President, Rice Farmers’ Association of
Nigeria, Mr. Segun Atho, appreciated the state government for the training
initiative. He noted that the training and capacity building would go a long
way in providing the needed paddy for rice production for the nearly-completed
Imota Rice Mill, while simultaneously improving the economic status of rice
farmers in the state.
TEHRAN - The Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration
(IRICA) has banned any registration for imports of rice as of the beginning of
the next Iranian calendar month of Shahrivar (August 22) until further notice.
As Mehr News Agency reported,
IRICA Deputy Head Mehrdad Jamal Orounaqi told a local radio program that the
plan for the seasonal ban on rice imports, which aims at supporting the
domestic farmers, should have been implemented in the beginning of the current
Iranian calendar month (July 22) but was postponed to the next month.
According to Orounaqi, nearly
800,000 tons of rice was imported into the country and was cleared from various
customs in the previous Iranian calendar year (ended on March 19).
The official noted that rice
imports have decreased by about 20 percent in the current year, saying: “About
390,000 tons of rice has been cleared through customs, while some cargoes are
still stored in customs.”
According to the Secretary of
Iran Rice Association Jamil Alizadeh Shayeq, Iranian farmers managed to produce
2.6 million tons of rice during the past Iranian calendar year 1398.
The country’s rice production
stood between 2.2 and 2.3 million tons in the preceding year 1397 (March
2018-March 2019) and the increase in the production consequently decreased the
imports of the commodity.
Iran’s annual rice consumption
stands at about three million tons. That means nearly 400,000 tons of the
product is required to be imported into the country, according to Shayeq.
However, customs data show that nearly
700,000 tons of rice was imported into the country in the first quarter of the
previous year (March 21-June 21, 2019).
More than 90 percent of Iran’s
rice is produced in the northern provinces of Gilan and Mazandaran, and less
than 10 percent of the commodity is produced in the provinces of Isfahan, Ilam,
Kurdistan, Khouzestan and so on.
Based on official statistics,
over 620,000 hectares of the country’s agricultural lands are under rice
cultivation, of which 520,000 hectares are in Mazandaran, Gilan and Golestan
provinces.
Agri exports
grow by 23% to ₹25,553 cr in Q1 of current fiscal
T V Jayan New
Delhi | Updated on August 19, 2020 Published
on August 19, 2020
SHARE
Exports of
non-basmati rice, sugar and onion see substantial increase
A substantial increase in exports
of non-basmati rice, sugar and onion has helped India push up exports of
agricultural commodities during the first three months of the current fiscal by
23 per cent to ₹25,553 crore as against the export earning of ₹20,735 crore in the corresponding period in the last financial
year, according to data released by the Agriculture Ministry.
While the export of non-basmati
rice went up by 70 per cent to ₹5,800 crore in the first quarter
of 2020-21, that of onions was up by 48 per cent to ₹1,197 crore. However, growth in basmati export remained flat
at ₹8,591 crore while that of tea dipped by nearly 28 per cent
to ₹1013 crore.
Exports of refined sugar, on the
other hand, shot up by 80 per cent in FY21Q1 to ₹3,863 crore as compared to ₹2,144 crore in the corresponding
quarter last year. Similarly, there is a decent 38 per cent increase in the
export of raw sugar, raking in a sum of ₹1,616 crore, up from ₹1,168 crore in the same quarter in the last fiscal.
Soyameal exports fell to ₹751 crore from ₹880 crore in the same period last
year, mustard and rapeseed meal registered a marginal 1 per cent growth
to ₹432 crore.
Among other agri commodities that
registered handsome increase are kabuli chana (94 per cent to ₹205 crore), Bengal gram (408 per cent to ₹140 crore) and tur (by 440 per cent to ₹81 crore). There was a slight 5 per cent decline in potato
exports, which fetched ₹140 crore this first quarter of
the current fiscal. Soyabean exports too dipped by 8 per cent to ₹84 crore, the data showed.
Rice exporters
urged to promote brand through safe production
Wednesday, 08/19/2020, 23:45
The golden time for Vietnam to
promote its rice brand will come once the country is able to promptly expand
production of ST25 rice in line with a safe process, according to rice exporters.
A large-scale rice field in the Mekong Delta (Source:
www.sggp.org.vn)
Opportunities will be opened up
for Vietnamese rice to further access the European market as the EU-Vietnam
Free Trade Agreement (EVFTA) became effective at the beginning of August.
The rice variety ST25 won the
first prize in the 2019 World’s Best Rice Contest and is favoured by domestic
consumers.
Major rice exporters from
the Mekong Delta are striving to meet demands of stringent markets.
The export price of Vietnamese five-percent
broken rice currently hits its peak in the past 10 years, standing at
US$473-477 per tonne, announced the Vietnam Food Association on August 18.
This is also the first time that
the price of Vietnamese five-percent broken rice has been higher than that of
Thailand.
Vietnam exported 3.9 million
tonnes of rice in the first seven months of this year, earning US$1.9 billion,
according to the Department of Agro Processing and Market Development under the
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
The export volume fell 1.4% but
the value increased by 10.9% over the same period last year.
BEIJING, Aug. 19 (Xinhua) -- China's early rice output reported
a 3.9-percent increase in 2020 after seven consecutive years of decline, the
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) said Wednesday.
The output reached 27.29 million tonnes, up 1.03 million tonnes
from 2019.
China's
2020 early rice output rises on year despite flooding impact
08/19/2020 | 12:49am
China's early rice output in 2020
rose from last year due to a significant increase in planting acreage, the
statistics bureau said on Wednesday, even as flooding and rains in the southern
part of the country affected yields.
China produced 27.29 million tonnes
of early rice in 2020, up 3.9% from the previous year, as various steps pushed
farmers to grow more of the grain and favourable weather during spring planting
season facilitated output, Li Suoqiang, head of agriculture division at the
National Bureau of Statistics said.
Beijing had said in May it would draft
a food security plan amid the COVID-19 pandemic, and the government has
encouraged regions with good growing conditions to increase planting acreage of
rice.
President Xi Jinping also urged the
country to maintain a sense of crisis about food security and called food
wastage "shameful," prompting local governments to launch campaigns
and restaurants to raise penalties on buffet wastage.
China's early rice acreage in 2020
rose 6.8% to 4.75 million hectares, as local governments in major production
regions issued grain subsidies to farmers and encouraged them to grow crops on
farmland that used to lie fallow, as per a statistics bureau statement, citing
Li.
However, early rice yield in 2020
fell as continuous heavy rains hit some regions in the south, including Anhui,
Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan provinces, where flooding destroyed all crops on some
farmland, Li said.
Some regions in southern China were
hit by heaviest rains in decades, which have also caused fresh outbreaks of
animal disease, and taken away lives.
(Reporting by Hallie Gu and Tom
Daly; Editing by Shri Navaratnam and Uttaresh.V)
Flood waters reach the toes of China's famous giant Buddha
statue
By Rob Picheta, CNN
Updated 0328 GMT (1128 HKT) August 20, 2020
Tijuana's red
light district is bustling despite pandemic
US
intelligence: Iran paid bounties to Taliban to target US troops
Video shows
enormous oil leak in pristine lagoon
British
tourists rush back from France to avoid restrictions
Could this be
T-Rex's relative?
Resident: Why
should we leave Beirut to crooks and thieves?
Fishermen
rescue women stuck at sea for 15 hours
How US
military is patrolling virus cases among troops in Asia
Flood waters
reach toes of famous Buddha statue
Outspoken
Putin critic hospitalized after suspected poisoning
President of
Mali announces resignation on state TV
Report: Mali
president detained by troops
Factory
workers boo Lukashenko with clear message: Get out
Rare footage
shows US patrol of South China Sea
Protesters in
Thailand demand monarchy reform
Liverpool
deals with strong US-based Neo-Confederate links
Tijuana's red
light district is bustling despite pandemic
US
intelligence: Iran paid bounties to Taliban to target US troops
Video shows
enormous oil leak in pristine lagoon
British
tourists rush back from France to avoid restrictions
Could this be
T-Rex's relative?
Resident: Why
should we leave Beirut to crooks and thieves?
Fishermen
rescue women stuck at sea for 15 hours
How US
military is patrolling virus cases among troops in Asia
Flood waters
reach toes of famous Buddha statue
Outspoken
Putin critic hospitalized after suspected poisoning
President of
Mali announces resignation on state TV
Report: Mali
president detained by troops
Factory
workers boo Lukashenko with clear message: Get out
Rare footage
shows US patrol of South China Sea
Protesters in
Thailand demand monarchy reform
Liverpool
deals with strong US-based Neo-Confederate links
(CNN)Floods in southern China have caused water from the Yangtze
River to rise and reach the toes of a famous towering statue of the Buddha --
reportedly for the first time in decades.
Leshan's Giant Buddha, a 233 foot (71 meters) sitting buddha
carved out of a hillside around 1,200 years ago, is part of a UNESCO World
Heritage Site in China's Sichuan province.
It usually sits comfortably above the waters of the Yangtze --
the world's third longest river -- and tourists gather at its base.
Waters also threatened the Buddha's toes in this photo from
August 12.
But the area was closed on Monday as river water rose high
enough to touch the buddha's toes, which has not happened in at least seven
decades, according to state-run media outlet Xinhua.
Police and staff put sandbags at the platform under the historic
statue's feet, trying to build a dam to protect it from the rushing water -- but
by the next morning, the rising water had already covered the toes.
The area remains closed as thousands of citizens evacuate to
safety, and as emergency personnel begin search and rescue operations.
Officials on Chinese social media posted that the area may re-open later this
week after safety assessments are carried out.
This file photo shows tourists at the feet of the giant Buddha,
which is usually untroubled by river water.
Summer flooding is not uncommon in the region -- but this year
has seen the worst floods in decades, destroying the homes and livelihoods of
millions of people as the country struggles to revive an economy battered by
the coronavirus pandemic.
The floods, which began in earnest in June, have impacted at
least 55 million people -- more than the entire population of Canada.
Some 2.24 million residents have been displaced, with 141 people
dead or missing, the Ministry of Emergency Management said in July.
At least 443 rivers nationwide have been flooded, with 33 of
them swelling to the highest levels ever recorded, the Ministry of Water
Resources said in July.
On Wednesday, the Ministry of Water Resources raised the
national emergency response alert for flood control to level 2 -- the second
highest in a four-tier system.
In Sichuan, where Leshan's Buddha is located, authorities
activated the highest level of flood control response on Tuesday for the first
time ever. Sections of the river and basin in the area were hit by floods
"rarely seen in a hundred years," according to Xinhua.
The majority of these flooding rivers are in the vast basin of
the Yangtze River, which flows from west to east through the densely populated
provinces of central China. The river is the longest and most important
waterway in the country, irrigating large swathes of farmland and linking a string
of inland industrial metropolises with the commercial hub of Shanghai on the
eastern coast.
The flooding has not only washed away people's homes and
communities -- but their farms and food supply as well. Last month, floods
destroyed thousands of acres of farmland in Jiangxi province alone. The broader
Yangtze River basin accounts for 70% of the country's rice production.
China's Ministry of Emergency Management pegs the direct
economic cost of the disaster at $21 billion in destroyed farmland, roads and
other property.
Beijing has so far been able to secure food supplies by
importing vast amounts of produce from other countries, and by releasing tens
of millions of tons from strategic reserves -- but analysts warn that such
measures can only be useful for so long.
CNN's Nectar Gan and Shanshan
Wang contributed to this report.
Chefs reveal the one piece of equipment they
couldn’t live without
BY BRINKWIRE ON
AUGUST 19, 2020
The Michelin-starred Social Eating House maestro has one very
simple, traditional item on his must-have list.
He says: ‘A good knife is your best friend in the kitchen – I
prefer my Florentine’s cook knife.
‘But for extra thin slicing, you need a Japanese mandolin.
‘Get wafer thin potatoes for dauphinoise or boulangère. It’s great
for salads and makes light work of slicing.’
A Japanese mandolin, also known as a vegetable slicer, works by
quickly cutting through veggies such as carrots and potatoes in the same way a
grater does but only using just a single blade.
British-Iranian Chef and food writer Sabrina Ghayour has dozens of
awards to her name and hosts a very popular supper club in London, specialising
in Persian and Middle Eastern flavours.
For her, the most important item in her kitchen is her food
processor.
She told FEMAIL: ‘I can’t live without my Cuisinart food
processor. It makes chopping and mixing a doddle in the kitchen. I can live
without everything else! This small one is perfect for more snug kitchens
too.
Last year, the world-famous Dorchester hotel announced the
appointment of their youngest ever head chef in the restaurant’s 88-year history,
26-year-old Tom Booton.
Tom, who’s worked in New York, Copenhagen and Iceland says his
essential equipment is a simple – but high quality – pot, which will last a
lifetime.
‘For me, it has to be a Le Creuset pot,’ he told FEMAIL.
‘From being great for slow cooking, roasting and even better for
all the new budding sourdough bakers out there, it’s multi-purpose and stylish
too.’
Known as a culinary classic and the Rolls Royce of pots and pans,
the Le Creuset casserole dish has been loved by cooks across the world for
nearly a century.
James Cochran, who made his name at the two Michelin-starred
Ledbury, says the famous £1149 Thermomix is his go-to item.
James, who starred in BBC’s Great British Menu in 2018, told
FEMAIL: ‘My favourite tool or piece of equipment would have to be the
Thermomix. It’s an integral piece of machinery which can do so many things from
making soups, to sauces, purées, ice cream bases – but then can be used a water
bath and steamer too. It’s like your own personal sous chef!’
Owned by German company Vorwerk, the Thermomix is a 20-in-1 device
that sous-vides, ferments, acts as rice cooker, and carameliser – and even
cleans itself.
Alex Claridge, the chef owner of modern British fine dining
establishment The Wilderness, warns that home cooks shouldn’t be fooled into
buying too many on-trend items for the kitchen.
He says: ‘Don’t be fooled into buying lots of gadgets, Lakeland is
not your friend.
‘Good cookery needs very little in terms of equipment; when I
first started I had a few hobs and my knives.
‘Invest in a great stick blender (Bamix is my choice), and if
you’re a baking enthusiast, a KitchenAid – which, if you look after it, will
look after you for years to come.
‘Most importantly though, make sure you have great chefs’ knives –
they are more important than any dehydrator, bread machine or waffle maker.’
Chef Tom Brown, who runs the Cornerstone in east London told
Femail: ‘A good gadget to have in the kitchen which instantly upgrades dishes
is a microplane – essentially a hand-held grater, which retails at around £10.
‘It’s perfect for finely zesting citrus for baking and dressings
and mincing garlic, so you don’t have great big chunks. And even adding a
‘cheffy’ dusting of parmesan or truffle!’
Tom Aikens, one of the UK’s most acclaimed
chefs, became the youngest British chef ever to be awarded two
Michelin stars aged just 26.
He told FEMAIL: ‘I think, given so many of us – myself included –
have been baking like crazy at the moment, it’ll have to be my
KitchenAid! I’ve got a few, but my go-to is the Kitchen Aid 9 speed hand
mixer.
‘The higher speeds mix heavy doughs and thick batters, and it also
whips the perfect still egg whites too.
‘If you fancy making a bit of an investment though, I would
recommend the stand mixer.
‘This machine can handle anything! It can be used for baking,
breads, meringues, and also has an attachment for a juice extractor, vegetable
sheet peeler and more. It’s so useful and multipurpose!’
British-Turkish chef Hus Vedat started his career working at his
family’s butcher shop before training as a chef working in various top hotels.
He now runs Yosma, a Turkish tavern in Soho. He told
FEMAIL: ‘Well, aside from your tongue – the most important tool in
the kitchen, I would say, is my speed peeler.
‘It makes peeling carrots and potatoes take just minutes without
accidentally removing too much and it’s a non-expensive gadget to help improve
every kitchen.
‘I would recommend buying quite a number though – I always end up throwing
mine away with the peelings or losing them!
‘I also love my falafel scoop – essential for me, though I
imagine not for everyone…’
